Oceania

Central to Oceanic adornment traditions are a wide variety of shells. Their value is based on their rarity, healing properties and origin stories. Many types of shells—ranging from giant clam shells to small cowrie shells–are incorporated in pectorals, necklaces, nose ornaments, arm bands and belts. In addition to shell, animal teeth and bird bones, tortoise shells, seeds, glass trade beads, and feathers were also fashioned into jewelry forms. Jewelry was used for initiation ceremonies marking the end of childhood, compensation for insults and injuries, marriage negotiations, and rituals associated with commemorating the dead. Some items may be worn only by men and served as battle ornaments, providing protection for warriors.