{"id":2269,"date":"2009-11-09T13:44:19","date_gmt":"2009-11-09T17:44:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gallandt.wordpress.com\/?p=177"},"modified":"2009-11-09T13:44:19","modified_gmt":"2009-11-09T17:44:19","slug":"managing-weeds-with-crop-rotation-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/weedecology\/2009\/11\/09\/managing-weeds-with-crop-rotation-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Managing weeds with crop rotation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>\u201cRotation of crops&#8230;is the most effective means yet devised for keeping land free of weeds.\u00a0 No other method of weed control, mechanical, chemical, or biological, is so economical or so easily practiced as a well-arranged sequence of tillage and cropping.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:right\">\u2014 C.E. Leighty.\u00a0 1938 Yearbook of Agriculture<\/p>\n<p>Diversity is key.\u00a0 Dissimilar crop species with disparate management practices impose a wide range of stresses and mortality factors, creating an unpredictable environment to which the weed community is continually adjusting (Liebman and Staver, 2001).\u00a0 Diversity, however, may also establish and\/or perpetuate weed problems.\u00a0 Fall cucurbits, for example, may permit considerable weed growth after vines run, causing abundant seed rain (see, Figure 1, below).\u00a0 Cover crops, while frequently noted for their ability to reduce weed biomass, often contain weeds going to seed.\u00a0 Perennial legumes or sod crops favor perennial weeds such as quackgrass, and do not include timely soil disturbance events that promote germination losses of annual weeds.\u00a0 Thus, while diversity <em>is<\/em> key, successful weed management requires cropping sequences that feature practices that minimize, or better, eliminate, \u201ccredits\u201d to the weed seedbank, while maximizing seed \u201cdebits.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Short-season cash or cover crops, whose growth is terminated before weeds set seed, are the most useful elements in preventing weed seed credits (Figure 1).\u00a0 The tillage events necessary for these crops are often well-timed to preempt seed rain of winter annual weeds.\u00a0 Ideally, the crops are then terminated before their associated summer annual weeds set seed.\u00a0 In considering longer-season crops, good weed control, a competitive canopy, and opportunity for hand roguing surviving weeds are key attributes.<\/p>\n<p>We measured common lambsquarters weed seed rain in a broccoli, winter squash rotation, managed without cover crops (control), with fall cover crops, two consecutive years of red clover (2-Yr. CC), or alternate years of vegetables and cover crops with summer fallowing (e.g., after strategies described by Nordell and Nordell, 2007; Figure 1).\u00a0 The alternate year cover crop system consistently had the lowest common lambsquarters seed rain (see Alt.-Yr. CC, solid boxes, below).\u00a0 This, combined with the seedbank depleting fallowing periods during the cover crop years, prevented this species from increasing over the four years of the experiment (data not shown).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/weedecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/354\/2009\/11\/sare_cheal_seedrain.png\"><br \/>\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/weedecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/354\/2009\/11\/sare_cheal_seedrain1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-180\" title=\"SARE_CHEAL_seedrain\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/weedecology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/354\/2009\/11\/sare_cheal_seedrain1.png\" alt=\"SARE_CHEAL_seedrain\" width=\"432\" height=\"342\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Figure 1. \u00a0Effect of cover crop systems on common lambsquarters seed rain in 2001 through 2004.\u00a0 Within a year means labeled with different lowercase letters are significantly different based on Tukey\u2019s HSD (P &lt; 0.05).<\/p>\n<p>Debiting strategies require consideration of weed seedbank ecology (Gallandt, 2006).\u00a0 Because germination is the most effective way to deplete the seedbank, it may be useful to consider primary tillage practices that maintain seeds at or near the soil surface, in the \u201cactive seedbank,\u201d where seeds are most likely to experience environmental conditions that encourage germination.\u00a0 Seed predation is also an important source of loss from the seedbank, and a further reason to keep seeds at the soil surface.\u00a0 Avoiding fall tillage and rapid weed seed burial maintains seed at the soil surface where they are more readily consumed by predators.<\/p>\n<p>Initial conditions of the seedbank should be carefully considered in short-term crop sequence planning.\u00a0 Where the starting weed pressure is very high, a clean fallow period is the best strategy for drawing down the seedbank (Mohler, 2009; Nordell and Nordell, 2007).\u00a0 Because weed species vary in their seasonal patterns of emergence, the timing of fallow periods should target the most problematic species or group of weeds.\u00a0 Winter annuals, for example, exhibit peak emergence in the late fall and early spring\u2014summer annuals, in the warmer periods of June and July.\u00a0 Shallow tillage coincident with this emergence periodicity will stimulate germination of the targeted group of weeds, and subsequent tillage kills these seedlings.<\/p>\n<p>If the seedbank is at a moderate level, cropping options may be expanded to include crops that are both amenable to effective cultivation, and are sufficiently competitive that abundant weed seed rain is unlikely.\u00a0 These so-called \u201ccleaning crops,\u201d seem to vary from farm to farm.\u00a0 Onions, for example, are a cleaning crop for some growers.\u00a0 A long-season and uncompetitive crop, growers know onions must be nearly weed free, so they make frequent cultivation a priority for this crop.\u00a0 This frequent, shallow cultivation offers benefits similar to fallowing strategies, encouraging successive flushes of weeds that are removed by subsequent cultivation events.\u00a0 While the need for repeated cultivation may be viewed negatively in the short-term, the long term effect is depletion of the seedbank. Potato and sweet corn are cleaning crops for some growers.\u00a0 These crops can be aggressively cultivated and weeds kept at a minimum.\u00a0 Slow to establish, uncompetitive species, e.g., carrot and parsnip, onion and leek, are ideally planted in the cleanest of fields.<\/p>\n<p>Given the importance of the relative size of the weed seedbank to the success of subsequent weed management practices, it seems counterproductive for an otherwise clean rotation sequence to include a crop likely to result in abundant weed seed rain (e.g., my problem with winter cucurbits).\u00a0 Rotation blocks could consider likelihood of seed rain as a first separating criterion.\u00a0 \u201cWeed-free\u201d blocks could be managed with a long-term vision for improving weed management conditions.\u00a0 Elsewhere, the commonly used \u201ccritical period\u201d for weed control can continue to guide management, focusing on control of weed seedlings in the early to mid-period of crop growth.\u00a0 Before the start of this period, weeds are too small to reduce crop yield; after this period crop competition alone will avoid weed-related yield losses.\u00a0 In other words, \u201cbeat the weeds back\u201d early to ensure a good crop and don\u2019t worry about weedy crops late in the season.\u00a0 There are many successful farmers who rely on this approach to weed management.\u00a0 They focus on repeated cultivation and hand weeding until crops are judged to be sufficiently weed-free.\u00a0 However, seed rain from weeds surviving the critical period means that weed pressure is likely to increase over time.\u00a0 In response, the frequency of cultivation and hours of hand weeding will have to increase to simply maintain a given level of weed control.\u00a0 The alternative, managing for improving weed conditions, requires careful deployment of diversity, minimizing credits and maximizing debits to the seedbank (Gallandt, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>___________________________<\/p>\n<p>Gallandt, E. R. (2006). &#8220;How can we target the weed seedbank?&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Weed Science<\/span> <strong>54<\/strong>: 588-596.<\/p>\n<p>Leighty, C.E.\u00a0 1938.\u00a0 \u201cCrop Rotation.\u201d\u00a0 in Soils and Men, U.S.D.A Yearbook of Agriculture.\u00a0 pgs. 406-430<\/p>\n<p>Liebman, M. and C. P. Staver (2001). Crop diversification for weed management. <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds<\/span>. M. Liebman, C. L. Mohler and C. P. Staver. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press<strong>: <\/strong>322-374.<\/p>\n<p>Mohler, C. L. (2009). The role of crop rotation in weed management. <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Crop Rotation on Organic Farms.\u00a0 A Planning Manual<\/span>. C. L. Mohler and S. E. Johnson. Ithaca, NY, Natural Resource, Agriculture, an dEngineering Service (NRAES)<strong>: <\/strong>44-46.<\/p>\n<p>Nordell, A. and E. Nordell (2007). Weed the Soil, Not the Crop.\u00a0 A Whole Farm Approach to Weed Management. Trout Run, PA<strong>: <\/strong>42.<\/p>\n<p>Prepared for the 2009 Proceedings of the New England Vegetable &amp; Berry Conference.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cRotation of crops&#8230;is the most effective means yet devised for keeping land free of weeds.\u00a0 No other method of weed control, mechanical, chemical, or biological, is so economical or so easily practiced as a well-arranged sequence of tillage and cropping.\u201d \u2014 C.E. Leighty.\u00a0 1938 Yearbook of Agriculture Diversity is key.\u00a0 Dissimilar crop species with disparate [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1032,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[109,110,111,121],"class_list":["post-2269","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ecologically-based-weed-management","tag-crop-rotation","tag-cultivation","tag-ecologically-based-weed-management-2","tag-organic-weed-control"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Managing weeds with crop rotation - Weed Ecology and Management - University of Maine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/weedecology\/2009\/11\/09\/managing-weeds-with-crop-rotation-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Managing weeds with crop rotation - Weed Ecology and Management - University of Maine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cRotation of crops&#8230;is the most effective means yet devised for keeping land free of weeds.\u00a0 No other method of weed control, mechanical, chemical, or biological, is so economical or so easily practiced as a well-arranged sequence of tillage and cropping.\u201d \u2014 C.E. 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