Natural Sciences

0801. Examining Remote Sensing Land Surface Temperatures in the St. Elias Range
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Ingalise Kindstedt, Dominic Winski, Dorothy Hall, Luke Copland, Seth Campbell Mentor(s): Karl Kreutz
Abstract:
Accurate remote sensing data are crucial for monitoring alpine warming in rugged regions with sparse in situ measurements. Here, we evaluate potential sources of a cold bias in NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) in the St. Elias Range (Yukon, Canada). We hypothesize the bias results from either MODIS’ large footprint in heterogeneous alpine terrain or poorly constrained emissivity values used in the LST calculation. To test these hypotheses, we compare LST datasets with different spatial resolutions at study sites Eclipse and Divide. We also compare MODIS LSTs to MODIS brightness temperatures, which do not include the emissivity correction present in the final LST product. Differences between MODIS and in situ temperatures are largest and most variable in fall and winter. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) temperatures are also lower than in situ, the bias persisting despite ASTER’s smaller footprint. MODIS brightness temperatures show a more pronounced cold bias in fall and winter, which is not mitigated by the application of the emissivity correction. In contrast, the emissivity correction does decrease the cold bias in spring and summer brightness temperatures. Poorly constrained emissivity values thus do not fully explain the bias, but they cannot be ruled out as an exacerbating factor. We suggest paired in situ measurements of emissivity and surface characteristics at sub-daily resolution to better constrain emissivity changes on short timescales. We also recommend paired in situ surface and 2 m air temperature measurements to check for a near-surface temperature inversion.

0802. Mulch as a Crop Management Tool in Wild Blueberry
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Rebecca Gumbrewicz Mentor(s): Lily Calderwood
Abstract:
Wild blueberry growers face many challenges amplified by climate change. These include new insect pests, greater fungal infections, altered pollination, and erratic weather events. Summer 2020 in Maine experienced the most severe short-term drought since the early 2000’s. With an increase in drought conditions and many growers without irrigation, it is important to explore field management practices that could increase soil water holding capacity and mitigate some of these challenges. The goal of this project is to evaluate wild blueberry growth, yield, quality, pest pressure and soil moisture under four softwood mulches each with different particle sizes. Pine mulches were applied at half an inch depth in an organic field in spring 2020. Treatments included sawdust, wood shavings, bark mulch, and wood chips. The control had no mulch applied. Soil temperature, soil moisture, pest pressure, plant chlorophyll, and plant growth were measured throughout the season. Yield and berry quality will be measured at the end of the harvest year (August 2021). After one growing season, sawdust and wood chip treatments had the lowest mean soil moisture but had higher mean stem height and bud number per stem. All mulch treatments significantly reduced disease intensity relative to the control. Our first-year data indicate that this depth is effective at reducing disease. In the second year of this study, berries will be harvested, and we will determine which particle size, if any, is the most viable option for farmers interested in increasing soil moisture without increasing water inputs.

0803.  PFAs-free wood-based food serving plates with excellent oil and grease resistance
Graduate Presentation.

Author(s): Rakibul Hossain Mentor(s): Mehdi Tajvidi
Abstract: The most common commercial method for imparting water, grease, and oil resistant properties to paper-based food serving plates is by using per or poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAs). Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) have been shown to have excellent binder properties with lignocellulosic materials and they can also form excellent barrier layers to grease and oil. In this study, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and oil and grease-resistant food serving containers were made from wood flour with cellulose nanofiber coating layers on the surface. The multi-layer wet-on-wet cellulose nanofiber composite materials were developed using a vacuum filtration process. The surface, barrier, and mechanical attributes of these composites were characterized. All composites showed excellent oil and grease resistivity according to the “kit” test passing kit #12, the highest possible. The surface free energy and water contact angle showed that the composites with LCNF in the top layer were more hydrophobic than the ones coated with CNF made from bleached pulp fiber. All composites had higher flexural and tensile properties compared with commercial food containers and the mechanical properties increased with increasing binder content. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the rate of thermal decomposition of the composites followed a typical trend of lignocellulosic materials and they had enough thermal stability to be used for hot food serving applications. Overall, the cellulose nanofiber composites possess excellent mechanical and barrier properties and can be considered as a wood-flour-based (pulp-free) and PFA-free alternative for oil-resistant commercial food serving containers.

0804. The effects of timber harvesting on Ixodes scapularis densities and tick-borne pathogen transmission in Maine
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Stephanie Hurd, Laura Kenefic, Jessica Leahy, Andrew Richley, Carly Sponarski Mentor(s): Allison Gardner
Abstract: Lyme disease poses an immediate and expanding threat to public health, with tens of thousands of cases reported annually in the U.S. The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is the principal vector for the bacterium that causes this disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). Many wildlife species are important hosts for I. scapularis (e.g., white-tailed deer), natural reservoirs for B. burgdorferi (e.g., white-footed mice), or both. During the vast majority of the life cycle during which the tick is not feeding on a vertebrate host, it lives in the microhabitat of leaf litter on the forest floor. While the Lyme disease transmission cycle is deeply embedded in the forest ecosystem, limited research has investigated the effects of active forest management via timber harvesting on vector abundance and pathogen transmission. Timber harvesting alters species composition and density of trees and understory plants, potentially causing an ecological cascade in which changes in microhabitat and wildlife communities alter tick density. This study tests the specific hypotheses that different intensities of harvesting ranging along a low to high intensity gradient will affect 1) tick density, 2) understory and microhabitat features, and 3) daily deer activity. To test these hypotheses we collected ticks, deployed trail cameras to quantify large mammal presence and activity, and characterized understory and microhabitat (e.g., leaf litter depth and humidity). Our results show a significant, negative relationship between timber harvesting intensity and nymphal tick density. Our long-term goal is to develop forest management guidelines that aid in the mitigation of human-disease risk.

0805.  Antioxidant, antimicrobial and hydrophobic CNF films as active packaging materials
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): SuriyaPrakaash Lakshmi Balasubramaniam, Denise Skonberg, Caitlin Howell, Mehdi Tajvidi Mentor(s): Denise Skonberg 
Abstract: There has been increasing concern about synthetic food packaging materials primarily due to their inability to be degraded naturally. An alternative to synthetic packaging material could be the use of natural biopolymers such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF). CNF have excellent mechanical and barrier properties. However, due to their hydrophilicity, CNF are susceptible to moisture induced deterioration of their properties. One possible way of increasing the hydrophobicity of CNF is through the modification of CNF films. Attachment of phenolic acids can improve hydrophobicity whilst also providing additional active functionalities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, premade CNF films were modified with benzoic acid derivatives; vanillic and syringic acid through reaction mechanisms involving different coupling agents. The films were investigated for evidence of modification, hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, crystallinity, thermal stability, and antioxidant properties. From the results, it was evident that modification with vanillic and syringic acid imparted antioxidant properties to CNF films. A maximum 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of 36% was observed. A shelf-life study on canola oil showed a decreased amount of secondary oxidation products (0.486 mg malondialdehyde (MDA) / g sample) in samples exposed to modified films when compared to controls. Similarly, all modified films showed enhanced hydrophobicity (94° water contact angle) and modification did not greatly affect the mechanical and thermal properties of the film. Therefore, modification with phenolic acids has the potential to improve hydrophobicity while providing additional functionality to CNF films thereby improving their value.

0806. A Comparison on the Contributions of Management Practices Regarding Intestinal Parasites in Companion and Production Pigs
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Kianna Lee Dean, Anne Lichtenwalner Mentor(s): Anne Lichtenwalner
Abstract: The ownership of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) as household pets is increasing throughout the country. Unfortunately, many individuals become pig owners without knowing the full extent of how to properly care for this species. In turn, complications my arise due to the lack of knowledge required to properly tend to their companion animals. Problems that may occur consist of a poor diet, unmanaged environment, or less than optimal health conditions due to negligence. It is common for mistakes to be made when caring for any domestic animal, but it has become more detrimental in the lives of pigs. In the state of Maine alone, there have been concerns of pigs dying due to unknown conditions. Throughout the past 20 years, over 60 pig cases were brought to the University of Maine Cooperative Extension Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnosis; either by necropsy, fecal evaluation or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), to see what was behind the death or poor health of their animals. It turned out that many of these cadavers contained intestinal parasites. The formation of parasites within pig cadavers can be a common occurrence. Which forms the question, what could be the culprit behind multiple cases of both production and pet pigs having internal parasites? It is uncertain whether Maine pig producers using pasture methods have more cases of pigs containing parasites than those raising pigs strictly indoors. Therefore, analyzing different care methods for pigs, as well as the information obtained from the cadavers at the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, will determine whether farming practices should be adjusted. To go about this project, a survey would be created for production and household pig owners in the state of Maine on how they have been raising their animals. The results of this survey, as well as the research done on the cadavers, should point us in the direction of where there are mistakes in management. Owners and handlers should consider whether their farming practices are worthwhile or detrimental to the health of their pigs. If the adjustment of certain management practices proves to reduce the appearance of intestinal parasites; both pigs and humans can benefit from improved health.

0807. Do small female lobsters produce lower quality eggs?
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Alexander Ascher, Richard Wahle, David FIelds, Maura Niemisto Mentor(s): Richard Wahle
Abstract: In many marine invertebrates and fishes the onset of reproductive maturity is dictated by the temperature regime where they live. In the rapidly warming Gulf of Maine (GOM) the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is maturing at ever smaller sizes. In this study we investigated if the decrease in maternal body size also impacts egg quality. To investigate this question we took advantage of the strong latitudinal thermal gradient from southern New England (warmer) to the northeast Gulf of Maine (cooler) where there is a well-documented north to south gradient in maturation size for lobsters. We analyzed egg-bearing females from three thermally contrasting locations along this gradient to determine how metrics of reproductive output and egg quality vary with maternal body size and location. The data show that females in the south are smaller and less fecund, but at a given size there are no significant differences in fecundity among the 3 locations. The relationship between individual egg metrics and body size vary latitudinally, with egg size and caloric content significantly related to body size in northern, but not southern locations. Space-for-time comparisons such as this help us more clearly understand how climate change may impact the reproductive performance of this iconic species in the future.

0809. Ideal Conditions for Cryptosporidium Attachment and Infection
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Emily Pierce, Sarah Hosler Mentor(s): Sue Ishaq
Abstract: Cryptosporidium sp. a free-living protozoon, will attack the ileo-cecal valve of the mammalian intestines when ingested. It is unknown why it attacks this valve specifically, but may be from lack of microbial competition in this area. This research study aims to identify any key microbial players, or lack thereof, that encourage the infection of Cryptosporidium sp. at the ileo-cecal valve. Multiple biopsy samples of cow intestine tissue and microbiota will be collected and co-cultured. Once mammalian cells have acclimated, Cryptosporidium sp. will be added to these plates with and without the presence of gut bacteria, to observe infection patterns. Additionally, the microbial players in each sample will be taken and the identity of missing players will be noted. If a key player is in fact missing that allows Cryptosporidium sp. to attach, it is possible that a dietary supplement or additive could be created to reduce the chance of animals getting infected.

0810. Human Facial Recognition in Holstein Heifers
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Kendra Huth Mentor(s): David Marcinkowski
Abstract: Cattle see things differently than humans, but it’s known that cattle can identify humans based on past encounters. This study examined the ability of cattle to recognize humans solely based on their faces. Six Holstein heifers from J.F. Witter Teaching and Research Farm were trained and tested for 4 weeks using pictures of objects and faces, which the cattle have never seen. A fifth week of testing took place 6 weeks later to examine their long-term memory. Each heifer participated in 10 trials per day using a Y-maze configuration, with 2 photo options to choose from. The heifer received approximately 1/2 cup of sweet calf grain if they chose correctly. Week 1 compared a blank, white paper and Caucasian face. Week 2 compared a tree trunk and Caucasian face. Weeks 3–5 compared the African American and Caucasian faces. The correct picture was occasionally illuminated with a portable light to help the heifers focus. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS statistical software, using Chi square procedures to compare the correct choices by heifer, week, and presence of light. Results showed that the heifers’ choices improved significantly by week (p=0.007) and with the use of the light (p=0.013). The percent correct varied greatly between heifers, ranging from 50% to 80%. One heifer often displayed an 80% success rate with and without the light, supporting the hypothesis. This suggests that Holstein heifers can differentiate solely between human faces, but it depends on their individual focus levels.

0811. Predicting Range Shifts for the Virginia Opossum Based on Climate Change
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Sarah Griffin Mentor(s): Danielle Levesque
Abstract: Climate change and human expansion are increasingly influencing species distribution and movement. The Virginia opossum has historically been observed expanding their range northward due to the warming temperatures and urbanization. I constructed a model predicting the movement of the Virginia opossum northward into central Maine and beyond, based on current climate change predictions. We estimated that the Virginia opossums’ northern range is restricted by two abiotic winter factors, snow cover and low temperatures, which prevents foraging and ultimately leads to starvation. For this study, ambient forest temperatures are recorded using biologgers and prediction models for snow cover and temperature are used to predict the movement and establishment of stable opossum populations. The model predicts that central and northern Maine’s climate will continue to become favorable for stable populations of the Virginia opossum and that the establishment of more suburban areas will positively affect the species’ expansion. As a new addition to the biodiversity of central Maine, the opossum’s impact on the environment is important to understand. Understanding the physiology of species helps predict the effects an animal will have on an environment. It is determined that the Virginia opossum can be a vector of disease. The specie also has the capacity of benefiting new environments by being an impactful prey, a predator of ticks, and being hunted. Predictions of species distribution can be beneficial in understanding species’ movement and environmental impact early on due to the rapid rate of climate change and urbanization.

0812. Assessment of Potential Measures of Harbor Seal Pup Rehabilitation Success at Admit
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Shannon Brown Mentor(s): Kristina Cammen 
Abstract: Harbor seals frequently strand along the northeast coast of the United States due to injury, illness, disease, and human interaction. In Maine, a non-profit organization, Marine Mammals of Maine (MMoME), is federally authorized to respond to these stranded animals and provide short- and long-term rehabilitation, with the ultimate aim to release the seals back into the wild. I investigated the role of multiple potential measures of marine mammal health that are evaluated at admit in determining rehabilitation success of dependent and weaned harbor seal pups from 2016 to 2019. The variables assessed were the day of the year the patients were first observed in the field, the amount of time they were observed in the field before collection, findings of human interaction, age class, weight:length ratio, and 43 blood parameters. This analysis found that pups have a greater likelihood of being released if they strand later on in the year (p<0.05). The longer an individual is in rehabilitation, the more likely they are to be released (p<0.0001). Pups that were transferred from MMoME to another rehabilitation facility had a greater likelihood of being released (p<0.05). Harbor seals that stranded when they were dependent pups were more likely to be released than weaned pups (p<0.05). Pups with a lower lymphocyte concentration at admit (p<0.001) and a higher total protein concentration (p<0.05) were more likely to be released. These findings may help rehabilitation organizations determine which harbor seal pups will be good candidates for a successful rehabilitation early on in the process.

0813. Investigating Changes in the Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue (scWAT) Proteome in Response to Cold Exposure
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Dylan Taplin, Cory Johnson Mentor(s): Kristy Townsend
Abstract: Obesity and its co-morbidities are a prevalent and proliferating problem worldwide, especially in the United States, where the CDC reports 4 in every 10 people are obese. Addressing this epidemic requires a deeper understanding of how our body stores and utilizes fuel. The largest contributor to obesity is an imbalance in energy intake versus energy expenditure, resulting in more energy stored as fuel in the lipid droplets of adipocyes. Energy balance is regulated through modifying energy expenditure (e.g., adaptive thermogenesis) and energy intake (including appetite). White adipose tissue (WAT) is specialized for storage of fuel, whereas a second type of fat tissue, brown adipose tissue (BAT), contains dense mitochondria specialized for thermogenesis and numerous smaller lipid droplets. Therefore, BAT mainly functions to burn calories and create heat through non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). WAT depots can transform into a more brown phenotype with “beige” adipocytes that resemble BAT adipocytes, through a process called “browning”. Additionally, de novo brown adipogenesis can also contribute to browning in WAT. One way WAT browning is initiated is through the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and release of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine. WAT is densely innervated by sympathetic nerves, which can modulate the cellular makeup and function of their local environment in the tissue. Sympathetic nerve release of norepinephrine not only can stimulate browning, but also can promote thermogenesis itself, as well as release of lipid fuels through the process of lipolysis. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system can be accomplished through cold exposure, a potent stimuli for browning, thermogenesis, and lipolysis in WAT. Previous studies have shown that cold exposure invokes the browning phenotype in mouse subcutaneous WAT (scWAT), including local modulation of the immune cell population and promotion of peripheral nerve remodeling in scWAT. Jumpstarting the browning process has become a putative point of intervention to treat obesity, given its metabolically healthy outcomes, but the molecular mechanisms that support this transition in the tissue are understudied. Therefore, we conducted a novel proteomics experiment compare in an unbiased way the changes in protein levels as animals transition from room temperature to 24hrs of cold or 72hrs of cold. We revealed important coordinated changes in mitochondrial proteins, immune proteins, and neural system proteins that may reveal novel targets for obesity therapeutics.

0814. Biophysical and social drivers of tick exposure risk due to climate change in Maine
Graduate Student
Author(s):
Brittany Schappach Mentor(s): Allison Gardner
Abstract: Climate change is an ongoing global issue, and in Maine, increased annual mean temperatures, decreased snowfall, and warming winters are being recorded. These changes in climate have likely contributed to the increased densities of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) and expansion into novel areas in Maine. This range expansion has resulted in an increase in reported cases of tickborne disease such as of Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis across the state. Since blacklegged ticks are expanding into novel areas, there are currently at-risk populations that may lack knowledge of tickborne disease prevention. To prevent increased tickborne disease cases, this study aims to determine different Maine winter conditions and their effects on tick survival, identify current pathogen presence through small mammal trapping, and pilot an educational focus group about ticks and personal protection measures. To identify abiotic factors that limit blacklegged tick expansion, we are monitoring an outdoor tick overwintering enclosure in Orono from November – May 2021 to assess monthly tick mortality and hourly temperatures and using indoor temperature-controlled experiments to explore the effects of temperature variance on tick mortality. Current pathogen presence will be determined by collecting tissue biopsies of small mammals across the state. Lastly, we will use a One Health framework to facilitate a pilot focus group to educate the gaps in knowledge and behaviors of an at-risk population in Maine. These aims will provide insight for more accurate tick expansion prediction models, current pathogen presence in the state, and determine risk assessment and provide education of at-risk populations.

0815. Estimating the cost and break-even point of a small-scale timber harvesting operation
Graduate Presentation. 
Author(s):
Alex Ashish, Anil Raj Kizha Mentor(s): Anil Raj Kizha
Abstract: 
Economic feasibility of small-scale timber harvesting operations is restricted mainly due to low volume timber production and limited area of landholdings. These restrictions make it necessary to assess the economic feasibility based on the market condition, species, and volume to be harvested, before the initiation of the operation. Break-even analysis is an essential tool that provides the assessment for the forest managers to plan the harvesting operation. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the break-even point (no net loss or gain) of the operation through break-even analysis and 2) to estimate the cost of a small-scale non-industrial operation and compare the cost to an industrial scale operation if same equipment were used. The harvesting site was 9.3 ha and was harvested using tree-length method. Equipment information was collected to calculate hourly machine cost using standard machine rate calculations. Break-even point for the non-industrial operation was 925 tons and $ 49,242. The cost of harvesting timber for the non-industrial operation using chainsaw and cable skidder were 2.99 and 142.71 $ m-3 respectively, whereas the industrial operation cost for the same were 4.43 and 49.48 $ m-3, respectively. Utilization percentage and labor charge were the major factors that contributed for the difference in the cost of non-industrial and industrial operations. The study will enable natural resource managers/foresters to take informed decision making and highlights the importance of utilization percentage for limited revenue generating forest operation scenarios.

0816. Breaking Down “Harassment” to Characterize Trends in Human Interaction Cases in Maine’s Pinnipeds
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Emma Newcomb Mentor(s): Kristina Cammen
Abstract: For hundreds of years the state of Maine has been home to pinniped populations. While these populations experienced heavy pressure from humans, they became federally protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972. The Act ultimately included language to create the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program. This program has allowed for stranding networks to form to respond to stranded animals and collect data from these animals. Long term datasets have been produced by these stranding networks, providing a valuable resource for studying patterns and trends in marine mammal health. I utilized these datasets for my analysis of stranding trends and human interaction (HI) occurrences using data collected from stranded harbor (Phoca vitulina), harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and gray (Halichoerus grypus) seals from 2007 to 2019 in Maine. As part of this analysis, I developed a new classification scheme for defining HI, which focuses on breaking down harassment based on the type of harassment and the risks that come with it. HI, and harassment in particular, presents a multitude of problems that affect pinnipeds on both an individual and population scale, while also presenting a risk to humans who interact with these mammals. This analysis will provide insight into where and which HI is occurring in Maine, helping us inform stranding networks on where to focus effort in mitigating human interaction, as well as how strandings and human interaction impact marine mammal health and larger trends relate to global patterns.

0817. Environmental and Social Factors of Mosquito Abundance and Species Distribution Across a Land-Use Gradient
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Megan Schierer Mentor(s): Allison Gardner
Abstract: Mosquitoes transmit disease and pose a nuisance globally. At the landscape scale, land-use type and human behavior drive mosquito abundance and species distribution, affecting the risk of mosquito-borne disease to humans in a geographic area. Cases of mosquito-borne disease are increasing in incidence in the Northeast U.S., and the integration of ecological and social variables to understand mosquito distribution patterns is valuable but under-utilized. Using a One Health framework, this research will assess environmental and human behavioral dimensions of mosquito distribution and human exposure risk to mosquitoes across an abrupt urban to rural gradient in Bangor, Maine. Land-use categories will be established from an existing city zoning map. Property addresses will be randomly selected for participant recruitment from each residential land-use type. To identify human knowledge and perceptions that drive behaviors surrounding mosquitoes, property-owners will complete a Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey. To define mosquito abundance and distribution across the urban to rural gradient, we will use diverse trapping techniques to collect adult and juvenile mosquitoes at participant properties and parks. We hypothesize that mosquito species distribution will vary across the gradient, with higher abundance of disease vector species in the urban land-use categories. We also expect that there will be a spatial relationship between the abundance of mosquitoes on a property and the associated property-owner KAP survey score. Through integration of ecological and human dimensions of mosquito distribution, we will define disease risk across the gradient and inform public health education efforts.

0818. Assessing Animal Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Aidan Redding Mentor(s): Anne Lichtenwalner
Abstract: 
Due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, (COVID-19), rapid and thorough investigation is needed to understand how this zoonotic disease spreads, and its animal reservoirs. I hypothesize that people will be more hostile towards animals confirmed to be carriers or susceptible hosts. A literature review evaluated research on detection of COVID-19 in animals: including susceptibility, reservoir potential, and those facilitating transmission to people. In addition, I generated surveys for animal shelters, groomers, and boarding facilities about client and staff behavior, and changes in business. I selected businesses in East Coast states, and emailed them the IRB-approved survey. I evaluated 59 publications published between September 2020 and March 2021. The distribution list included 240 animal-support industry contacts, with 24 survey respondents. Research is still emerging on animal hosts and transmission. Feline species and rodents can get the disease but not transmit it to people. Most farm animals, besides ruminants, and canines have not been shown to be infected. The biggest early sources were bats and pangolins. Mink and ferrets are demonstrated to be zoonotic, but the prevalence is not clear. From the survey, no sign of attitude changes other than an increase in caution was seen. Increased hostility was not detected, from the reports being released or no mention of hostility towards potential vector host or reservoir hosts animals other than mink slaughter. Based on my survey paired with my review, there has not been an obvious increase in infectious animal hostility outside of the mink incident. However data is still inconclusive to make a definite conclusion.

0819. The Effects of COVID-19 on Large Animal Veterinary Practices in Maine
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Isabelle Fernald Mentor(s): Sue Ishaq 
Abstract: In this Capstone project, we investigated how the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic affected large animal veterinary practices in the state of Maine. To investigate the impact of the pandemic on large animal veterinary clinics, there was an International Review Board approved survey to give to large animal veterinary practices in the state of Maine to collect information about veterinarians’ experiences during the pandemic and a veterinarian’s perspective on how their clients were affected. We anticipated that veterinary practices had to change protocols involving veterinary practice and client communication and the overall interactions between the two groups. The primary focus was to find out how veterinary practices had to change to keep their clients and animals safe during the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of the survey, we only got a few responses so we could not do any statistical analysis. However, we are going to look at the results to see how different large animal veterinary clinics reacted to COVID-19 and what they did differently. Additionally, we are going to look into how we could have improved the survey to get more responses and what could we do differently in the future. We anticipated the COVID-19 pandemic had an overall negative impact or if there were some positive impacts on the practices/farms (like an improvement on biosecurity). In addition to the overall negative impact, we anticipated that there were possible positive impacts of the pandemic like improving protocols in the veterinary clinic and on-call.

0820.  Genetic Analysis of Yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) for Aquaculture in Maine
Undergraduate Presentation. 
Author(s):
Sydney Avena  Mentor(s): Kristina Cammen
Abstract: Aquaculture is a growing industry in Maine, and identifying new species with potential for aquaculture is crucial for its continuing success. The University of Maine’s Center for Cooperative Aquaculture Research (CCAR) currently holds a stock of California yellowtail (Seriola lalandi). Similar in taste to tuna or mackerel, yellowtail are wild-caught as well as aquacultured in net pens and recirculating aquaculture systems worldwide. The fish presently at CCAR originally came from Great Bay Aquaculture and their genetic makeup is unknown. Recent research on S. lalandi suggests that this circumglobal fish has enough genetic difference between populations in the Northeast Pacific, Northwest Pacific, and the Southern hemisphere to classify them as three distinct species. In this study, three fin clips and one muscle sample were taken from three individuals for DNA analysis. PCR amplification was performed for the mitochondrial control region and two nuclear genes (RAG2 and EHHADH). The results were sequenced and compared to published sequences for yellowtail stocks in the Northeast Pacific, Northwest Pacific, and the Southern hemisphere. This analysis found that there were at least two genetically distinct stocks in the population at CCAR, with two individuals matching published sequences from the Northeast Pacific clade and one individual matching published sequences from the Southern hemisphere clade, with higher variability in the mitochondrial haplotypes compared to the nuclear sequences. By understanding the genetic makeup of the yellowtail housed at CCAR, future genetic and physiological studies can be done to determine which stock of fish is better suited to aquaculture.

0824. Post-Surgical Pain Management : Non-Pharmacological vs. Pharmacological ​
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Kendall Brown, Elyse Good, Samantha Dauphinee, Kelly Goodall Mentor(s): Valerie Herbert
Abstract: 
Topic/Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to compare the effectiveness of pharmacological versus non pharmacological therapy in relation to management of post-surgical pain in the adult population. Methods: Using the CINAHL database and Google Scholar, we searched for scholarly, peer reviewed, and evidence based practice articles related to pain management postoperatively. The articles include benefits and consequences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain interventions. To conduct our search, we used phrases such as: pain management in post-surgical patients, pharmacological management in post-surgical patients, and non-pharmacological pain management in post-surgical patients. A total of eighteen research articles were found before narrowing our search to include: articles published within the past five years, and that more directly pertained to our topic and purpose of research. Twelve of these selected articles were found related to postoperative pain management in the adult population. As a group, we created a list of the major themes found in each article. The themes were compared and summarized into three major ideas including recommendations. Conclusion: After summarizing the topics of each article, we found three major themes related to postoperative pain management in the adult population. The themes are as follows: (a) poorly controlled pain leads to poorer patient outcomes, (b) opioids continue to be considered “gold standard” for postoperative pain management despite various physical side effects and misuse potential– variation in standards should be considered, and (c) implementing a multimodal approach using opioids and non pharmacological pain management may have a benefit on patient outcomes.

0826. Detection and survival of Listeria monocytogenes on seaweed (sugar kelp) during storage
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Samuel Akomea-Frempong, Denise I Skonberg, Jennifer Perry Mentor(s): Jennifer J. Perry, Denise Skonberg
Abstract: Occasional pathogenic contaminants of fresh produce such as Listeria monocytogenes can present a serious health risks in minimally processed vegetables including sugar kelp (Laminaria saccharina). Although kelps have some antimicrobial potential, they can also harbor pathogens due to their rich nutritional composition and high moisture content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of L. monocytogenes on sugar kelp during post-harvest storage. Sugar kelp (whole blade and shredded slaw) was inoculated with 6.0 log CFU/g of two strains of L. monocytogenes. Samples were sealed in bags either with or without vacuum and stored at ~4°C and 22°C for up to 7 days. Microbiological analyses were performed daily using FDA-BAM standard protocols. One-way ANOVA (p<0.05) was performed to evaluate effects of the kelp form and storage temperature on pathogen survival. L. monocytogenes populations were reduced by 3 log CFU from 5.5 to 2.2 log CFU/g for whole blades and from 5.5 to 2.7 log CFU/g for shredded slaw at one-hour post-inoculation and before refrigerated storage. L. monocytogenes populations on kelp were below enumerable limit (10 CFU/g) from day 1 through day 7 of refrigerated storage. However, L. monocytogenes was detected on kelp samples during storage when subjected to microbial enrichment protocols. The reduction in L. monocytogenes counts to below enumerable limits during storage suggests the bacteriostatic nature of sugar kelp but results from the enrichment study imply the need to optimize postharvest processing practices to enhance the safety of sugar kelp.

0827. Physicochemical Analysis and Effects of Processing on North Atlantic Squid Species
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Caitlin Hillery, Brianna Hughes Mentor(s): Denise Skonberg 
Abstract: The primary objective of this research is to characterize compositional differences between two North Atlantic squid species, Illex illecebrosus and Doryteuthis pealeii, based on their edible portions: mantles and tentacles. Other objectives include determining quality differences between unfinished product—whole squid—and processed product—cleaned, brined, and refrozen mantles and tentacles; and comparing the compositional impacts of two different freezing methods (plate feeding at sea vs. blast freezing on land) on the squid. Moisture content, fat content by acid hydrolysis, and salt-soluble protein and ash contents were determined through standard methods following dissection and homogenization of squid subsamples. Instrumental color will be evaluated using a Hunterlab colorimeter to determine L*a*b* values, and in-vitro protein digestibility will be performed on freeze-dried mantle and tentacle samples using pepsin and trypsin; water-holding capacity will also be determined by a centrifugation procedure. The effects of all independent variables will be analyzed statistically with ANOVA, with p < 0.05. Analyses are ongoing; however, moisture analysis has indicated that samples blast-frozen on land exhibit slightly higher moisture contents than their plate-frozen counterparts, and lipid analysis has suggested that Illex illecebrosus are slightly lower in fat than Doryteuthis pealeii. These squid are the only two species in the world that have been certified sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council, and this research will allow fisheries to insure product quality and provide more detailed dietary information to consumers and markets around the world, fostering interest in this healthy, sustainable protein source.

0828.  Streamflow change and potential impact on Australian Indigenous water values
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Rachel Coleman, Shaleen Jain Mentor(s): Shaleen Jain
Abstract: Trends in Australian streamflows have been observed to be changing over the last few decades which can compromise marginalised populations’ resilience to water stress due to limited access to resources that are more abundant to non-marginalised populations. Resilience to water stress can also be undermined through violation of cultural water values since the offenses erode sense of self-identity, community, and culture. Modelled historical daily streamflow data spanning 39 years (1980-2019) at 35 Australian streamflow locations was averaged over 5 days and then sampled 1,000 times to generate a comparison distribution for each day at tau levels 0.2, 0.5 (median), and 0.8. Quantile regressions with no-cross provisions were then employed for the averaged actual streamflow values against the sample distribution at each tau. Next, streamflow results were compared against a framework of Indigenous water values developed through identification of hydrological themes visible in literature and 22 available Indigenous seasonal calendars. Themes identified within literature of Indigenous hydrological values included risk assessment, resource availability, caring for land, and honouring traditions. Trend analysis of daily streamflow volume changes found significant decreases of both peak and low streamflow in New South Wales and Victoria, a mix of significant declines and increases across Western Australia and Queensland, while the Northern Territory had mostly significant increases in peak and low streamflow volume. Potential challenges to Indigenous water values varied in degree and direction through the year, indicating that efforts to mitigate potential impacts should be tailored to the location with Indigenous co-management.

0829. Using Different Ariel Imagery Platforms to Assess Marine Debris and its Relationship to Island-Nesting Seabirds
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Lauren Maher, Meredith Lewis, Logan Kline, Cynthia Loftin, Aly McKnight Mentor(s): Cynthia Loftin
Abstract: Persistent marine debris accumulation along the North Atlantic coast negatively affects marine ecosystems. Identifying marine debris in aerial imagery can be an effective method to estimate quantities and patterns of accumulation and distribution. This data can lead to a better understanding of how debris may affect seabird abundance, distribution, and behavior on nesting islands. Aerial images are also important for ecological studies as they provide a record of nesting seabirds on islands that may otherwise not be accessible on foot or have restricted seasonal access. I identified, mapped, and estimated the types and volume of marine debris on two of Maine’s coastal islands to evaluate relationships between debris and seabird nesting patterns. I used digital imagery captured by plane-based and Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (UAV) cameras during the 2019 and 2020 nesting seasons. UAV imagery typically has higher resolution data than plane-based imagery, which may result in fewer omission errors, but can cause disturbances. I analyzed both plane-based and UAV-based imagery with ArcGIS Pro to evaluate this discrepancy. I quantified marine debris, particularly lobster traps and buoys, as well as assessed seabird abundance and integration with debris in order to evaluate the correlation debris presence and quantity may have with seabird behavior. This protocol provides a dataset that quantifies marine debris and how its abundance can upset marine wildlife and coastal ecosystems.

0830. Dulse Nursery
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Kiera Luu, Luz Kogson Mentor(s): Tim Bowden
Abstract: Dulse Palmaria palmata is a red macroalgae native to intertidal regions of the northern Atlantic. It is one of the favorite foods of the Gulf of Maine native species green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. This sea urchin is aquacultured at UMaine’s Center for Cooperative Aquaculture Research (CCAR) by Luz Kogson M.Sc. While most dulse in Maine is collected from the wild, sea farms such as Maine Sea Farms and Springtide seaweed have cultured it on longlines. These methods require harvesting licenses and farming permits and often involve processing and drying for human consumption. When the sea urchins were fed macroalgae, it was harvested by hand from the water. We established a dulse tumble culture system within the urchin lab at CCAR to provide a constant and accessible source. Tumbling culture is a method of algae culture that uses aeration to encourage growth. Our method was very low-maintenance with water exchanged and fertilizer added only once a week. Mass and salinity of the cultivars were assessed biweekly. At the completion of the 113 day trial, we found that all cultivars had over a 1000% increase in growth by mass. Based on the positive growth rates, we believe that growing dulse in lab tumble cultures is a reliable and efficient approach to having fresh food on hand for aquacultured species like sea urchins. However, this was a very small scale trial and future trials are necessary to determine whether this method is applicable and cost effective in larger scale operations.

0831. Using Local Ecological Knowledge to Describe Estuarine Use Patterns and Inform Community Management of Shellfish
Undergraduate Presentation.

Author(s): Sara Swett Mentor(s): Heather Leslie
Abstract: Local ecological knowledge (LEK) is considered an untapped source of knowledge and can be used in addition to scientific ecological knowledge (SEK) to fill data gaps and help inform fisheries and ecosystem management. The focus of this project was to describe patterns of recreational use and shellfish presence on the Damariscotta and Medomak river estuaries in Maine with LEK collected using maps and semi-structured interviews. This participatory mapping (PM) study started in 2020 and is led by University of Maine graduate students Melissa Britsch and Sarah Risley. This project addresses the following questions: 1) Which areas are most important for multiple river user groups? 2) What type of activities take place on the rivers and where? 3) Which areas have low or high shellfish abundance? and 4) Where do shellfish fisheries interact with other uses along the rivers? The analysis aimed to determine areas of high shellfish abundance, or ‘hotspots’ along the estuaries to inform future biological fieldwork. We found that human systems (i.e. recreation, aquaculture) interact frequently with biological systems (i.e. wild shellfish populations) along the two estuaries. We identified areas of high shellfish abundance and gathered other information about use patterns that helped us learn where the user groups interact with each other most frequently. We find that this study supports LEK, when integrated into scientific research, as a tool that can help inform community management of marine resources.

0832. Transcriptomic Variation Underlying Pollution Resistance in Fish
Undergraduate Presentation.

Author(s): Anna Briley, Akila Harishchandra, Richard T. Di Giulio, Casey Lindberg Mentor(s): Nishad Jayasandura
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly toxic persistent organic pollutants. A population of Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, in the Elizabeth River, VA have evolved complete resistance to PAH toxicity effects such as developmental cardiac deformities. However, the mechanisms underlying this resistant phenotype and their response to PAH exposure is largely unknown. The goal of this research was to compare differential gene expression patterns between PAH exposed and unexposed embryos from PAH-sensitive and resistant populations using a RNAseq analysis. We found that a variety of PAH-metabolizing enzymes were upregulated in sensitive fish following exposure, including glutathione-disulfide reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450. The downregulation of these enzymes in PAH-resistant embryos confirm their recalcitrance to induction of Phase I and II metabolic genes. We also detected a consistent downregulation of genes responsible for the synthesis of mitochondrial ribosomes and electron transport chain proteins in the unexposed resistant phenotype, and this difference seemed to necessitate fewer changes in gene expression upon exposure compared to the sensitive phenotype upon exposure. This suggests that lower levels of mitochondrial activity may contribute to PAH resistance or is a tradeoff of this adaptation. Our next step is to develop bioinformatics pipelines to further explore unknown pathways linked to PAH-resistance and explore two hypotheses, specifically: (i) That the PAH-resistant phenotype will exhibit compensatory gene expression changes in anticipation of maladaptive effects of PAH exposure to maintain homeostasis, (ii) that the unexposed resistant phenotype would show dysregulated gene expression patterns that would be restored following PAH exposure.

0833. Social-Ecological Mapping of “Sweet Spots” for Beekeeping and Maple Syrup Producers
Graduate Presentation. 

Author(s): Josph Romick Mentor(s): Jessica Leahy
Abstract: Increased interest in sustainable food systems has heightened demand for local agricultural products. This new demand has encouraged local food producers to expand. However, many local food producers are small businesses, whose expansion potentials are uncertain. In this case study of Maine’s maple and honey producers, we demonstrate the utility of social-ecological mapping as a tool for assessing the expansion potential of small- and medium-sized maple and honey businesses. The economic benefits derived from maple syrup and honey production are substantial. In 2019, the U.S. produced 4.2 million gallons of syrup worth an estimated $129 million (USDA, 2019) and 154 million pounds of honey worth an estimated $340 million (USDA, 2019). We chose Maine as the study site because it is one of the top producers of maple in the U.S. and has a significant and growing beekeeping community. We identify regions of opportunities for expansion using spatial and statistical analyses of land cover data, demographic data, and survey responses from small-scale maple and honey producers. We obtained perceptions of opportunities for expansion from the survey data. The results show that the major factors affecting producers are access to biophysical resources and local demand. Combining estimated perceptions of opportunity regions with spatial data on resource base and population centers, we identified expansion hotspots in western and central Maine. The improved ability to identify spatial opportunities in rural maple and honey production communities can be used to offer guidance to rural agriculture stakeholders.

0834. he Relationship Between Kidney Function and Cognitive Function in Type 2 Diabetics
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Erika Pacheco Mentor(s): Fayeza Ahmed
Abstract: Roughly 7%, 23 million, United States citizens are diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). According to the National Institutes of Health, kidney disease is another illness that has a considerable prevalence, about 30 million United States citizens. Individuals who are diagnosed with T2DM have shown decline in proper kidney function, ultimately leading to a form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in about one- third of T2DM cases. That is often the result of poorly managed diabetes. Even though these are alarming rates of both diseases, these conditions are rarely studied concurrently. The general focus for this research is to identify whether or not kidney function in individuals with T2DM relates to their cognitive function. Specifically, is albuminuria in individuals with T2DM a risk for poorer cognitive performance? Maine Syracuse Longitudinal Study (MSLS) data for the 121 participants with T2DM is being analyzed through correlational analysis and ANCOVA. This T2DM sample ranges in age from 38 to 93 years (Mean = 64.0), in education from 8 to 20 years (Mean = 13.74), is predominantly White (79%), and comprises 62 females and 59 males. Covariates include age, education, gender, body mass index, cholesterol, and blood pressure. Those variables were chosen because they have a known effect on either cognitive function or diabetes and kidney function. From the MSLS test battery, the main cognitive domains that are included in the study are Working Memory, Verbal Memory, and Scanning and Tracking. Data analysis is in progress.

0835. A Facile Thermal Compression Based Technique to Dry Cellulose Nanofiber Film for Renewable and Biodegradable Packaging Application
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Md Ikramul Hasan, Jinwu Wang, Mehdi Tajvidi Mentor(s): Mehdi Tajvidi
Abstract: Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have already been proved to be a potential candidate for next generation renewable and sustainable packaging materials. However, mechanical as well as barrier properties of CNF films are not yet up to the mark for certain applications especially at higher relative humidity. Those properties can be controlled by the degree of fibrillation of fibers and drying methods of the film. Here we prepared CNF films from two types of CNF- standard CNF (90% fines) and high fine CNF (97.4% fines) by casting and filtration and dried those films in four different ways (air drying, oven drying, heat gun drying and hot pressing) to better understand how those parameters affect the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. For standard CNF film, we found the highest tensile strength through hot pressing. However, air dried (casted) films showed the highest tensile strength for high fine CNF films. We also employed thermal compression on those dried films by hot pressing. Our results suggested that a simple hot pressing for 10 minutes at 120 °C and 1.1 MPa after drying of a film increased the tensile strength by 16 MPa (18.0%) and 11 MPa (13.9%) on average for standard CNF film and high fine CNF film, respectively. Also, the hot press compaction can reduce the water vapor permeability by 22.2% and 21.6% for standard CNF film and high fine CNF film, respectively. More remarkably, the oxygen permeability for hot pressed film was almost half of the films that are not hot pressed at 80% relative humidity. This study will provide vital information for the most convenient and economic production of cellulose nanofiber films for barrier packaging applications.

0836. Optimization of Pure American Chestnut Seedling Growth in the Greenhouse
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Kat Klebon Mentor(s): Ek Han Tan
Abstract: The American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) was once an integral part of the forest ecosystem in the Eastern United States, composing one out of every four trees. Currently, Castanea dentata is classified as functionally extinct due to chestnut blight caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, which has wiped out nearly all mature American Chestnuts. Various methods have been considered in restoring the American Chestnut. Backcross breeding to introduce resistance from the Chinese Chestnut has been implemented, but recent analyses showed that the resistance alleles from Chinese Chestnut are not inherited in the manner initially proposed. Therefore, the transgenic method, in which the OxO gene from wheat is inserted into pure American Chestnuts, has become the most promising method for restoring the species. As OxO American Chestnuts will often be cultivated in a greenhouse prior to their transplantation to breeding orchards, an understanding of the best conditions in which to grow these seedlings is essential. In this experiment, pure American Chestnut seedlings were germinated and grown in two greenhouse settings using four fertilizer and soil treatments: the use of Jolly Gardener soil with and without fertilizer, and the use of tri-mix (one-third peat moss, one-third vermiculate, and one-third perlite) soil with and without fertilizer. Growth metrics (stem diameter, leaf number, height) were measured at intervals for each seedling while Amax and chlorophyll content were measured once on one randomly selected plant of each treatment from each block. This experiment will provide vital information to conservationists of OxO American Chestnut seedlings in the greenhouse production phase.

0837. Ilulissat Icefjord Iceberg Distribution Relation to Tributary Glacier Behavior
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Sydney Baratta Mentor(s): Kristin Schild
Abstract: Jakobshavn Isbræ, located in West Greenland, is Greenland’s largest and fastest outlet glacier, which has experienced irregular periods of net thickening and thinning in its mass. A dominant control on tidewater glacier behavior is the hydrography of the abutting ocean water; therefore, quantifying the structure, velocity, temperature, and salinity is critical to understanding the future stability of Jakobshavn Isbræ. However, due to the thick mélange near the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ, standard oceanographic methods for data collection are difficult, as instrument survival is low and access is challenging. In this study, we apply an innovative approach, deploying iceberg-mounted GPS units and analyzing iceberg movement as a proxy for surface circulation in Ilulissat Fjord. Fjord circulation and its relation to glacier behavior is not well understood at this location, which provides an opportunity for ultimately quantifying speed of ocean water reaching the glacier terminus and its impact on glacier stability. Here we quantify Ilulissat Fjord circulation and show the direct relationship between fjord circulation and glacier behavior. We found that icebergs within the mélange (20-30 km from the glacier terminus) moved only in response to glacier calving events, while those icebergs beyond the mélange were freely flowing and predominantly controlled by fjord circulation. We also found a positive correlation between iceberg residence time and glacier velocity, where in 2014, a reduced residence time within the fjord correlates with an increase in glacier velocity (autumn 2014 and 2019 glacier velocity reached 13,000 m/year and 8,750 m/year, respectively), suggesting an important relationship between glacier stability and fjord circulation. These preliminary results demonstrate the potential for glacier behavior to influence the overturning of fjord waters and necessitate the continued analysis of the Jakobshavn Isbræ-Ilulissat Fjord system.

0838. Evaluation of the Microbial and Chemical Variation of the Kombucha Beverage with Repeated Brewing and Prolonged Refrigerated Storage.
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Adwoa Dankwa, L. Brian Perkins, Jennifer J. Perry Mentor(s): Jennifer Perry
Abstract: Introduction: The health benefits of Kombucha include probiotic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Production requires self-propagating SCOBYs used in sequential brewing cycles. Changes in microbial composition and metabolites with repeated culture usage and prolonged storage are unknown. These may result in loss of functional properties or reduced consumer acceptability. There is the need to evaluate the effect of repeated brewing cycles and storage duration on the microbial community and their metabolites. This study evaluates the reproducibility, stability, and functional components of microbial communities and chemical compositions in kombucha over repeated brewing cycles and during refrigerated storage. Methods: Twelve SCOBYs were obtained and each brewed following a standard recipe for 10 cycles. Samples were collected at pH 3 and stored at 4 o C for analysis at predetermined time points (weeks 2, 6, 12). Samples were enumerated for total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast on TSA, MRS, ABS, and APDA media respectively. HPLC was used for simultaneous detection of major organic acids, sugars, and alcohol in kombucha. Target analytes were identified by comparing retention times with corresponding analytical standards. Data were subject to ANOVA, MANCOVA, and mapping for visualization. Results: Microbial population and chemical profile of kombucha were affected by both repeated brewing cycles and storage. Microbial population levels increased over repeated brewing cycles and declined with storage time. Ethanol concentration and sucrose hydrolysis increased with storage time. Significance: The composition and functionality of kombucha changes over repeated brewing cycles and storage implying a need for standardization.

0839. Glycan Mediated Cellular Differentiation in Cellulose Based Hydrogels
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Ayan Dutta Mentor(s): William Gramlich
Abstract: Hydrogels mimic the three-dimensional microenvironment of extracellular matrix (ECM) and can be used as a tool for 3D cell culture. The ECM and its components play a crucial role in the proliferation and determination of cell fate. Cell surface glycans are a particular class of biomolecules that are indicative of cell types and considered to have a link towards determining cell fate. However, it is not clearly understood how their presence could affect cell fate. While works have been done using 2D models to understand the role of glycans in cellular behavior, it has been found that cells behave differently in a 3D environment. Synthetic 3D matrices are a better choice for studying the cellular behavior towards extracellular stimuli comparing to those of 2D models because their properties can be tunable as desired. Previous studies in our lab have shown a significantly high survival rate for human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) when encapsulated in norbornene functionalized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based hydrogels. My research will be focused on incorporating different types of glycans within 3D hydrogel matrices and systematically study how they interact with cells in a 3D system. The ultimate goal is to be able to control cell fate in a three-dimensional system by using external stimuli.

0840. Preliminary quality assessment of green crab (Carcinus maenas) roe
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Holly Leung, Dr. Jennifer Perry, Dr. Denise Skonberg Mentor(s): Denise Skonberg
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the proximate composition, color, and coliform counts of roe from green crabs harvested in New England. As a first step to valorizing green crab roe, baseline information is needed to assess its quality and marketability. Carcinus maenas were trapped live and collected from Boothbay, Maine, and female crabs were sorted for roe extraction. Roe was extracted from 15 pounds of female crabs and combined to form a homogenous sampling pool. Proximate compositions were obtained using the following methods: moisture content (n=5) via oven drying, ash (n=2) via muffle oven (550̊C), crude protein based on total nitrogen content (n=3) as determined by combustion analysis, and lipids (n=3) by ether extraction. Instrumental color (L*a*b*) via spectrophotometry and coliform counts were determined on days one and seven of refrigerated storage. Average values (+/- s.d) for moisture, ash, lipids, and crude protein were 60.5+0.2%, 1.7+0.1%, 9.2+0.1%, and 25.7+0.1%, respectively. The roe appeared as tiny, oozy, bright-orange colored eggs and had average instrumental color values of L* 52.1+0.3, a* 29.9+0.3, and b* 69.3+0.1. There were no coliforms detected in the roe on day one, but on day seven 1.12 cfu/mL was identified. Compared to Chinese mitten crab roe composition, moisture and crude protein were significantly lower (p<0.05). This study unveils a new avenue of potential use in food of invasive green crab roe.

0841. Using Poultry as a Method of Control for Ruminant Pathogen Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Tuuli Overturf
Mentor(s): Anne Lichtenwalner
Abstract:
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, referred to as “brainworm,” is a parasite that originates in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, WTD) and has the ability to spread and cause harm to livestock, particularly small ruminants. Larvae are shed in the feces of WTD and are picked up by gastropods (e.g.snails), where they mature to their infective stage. When livestock accidentally ingest the snails, the worms migrate through their spinal cord and around the brain, causing damage that can be fatal. Preventing brainworm infection is important to livestock owners, and a proposed method of mitigating risk is gastropod control. Snail populations can be controlled by introducing poultry (e.g. ducks); however, it is unknown whether the poultry are at risk or if they might even contribute to larvae dispersal. The goals of this project are to determine a) whether poultry are an effective control for snails, b) whether poultry are at risk of harm when ingesting brainworm-infected gastropods, and c) whether P. tenuis larvae can survive the avian digestive tract to potentially go on to infect livestock. Ducks and/or chickens would be fed infected snails in several trials that monitor how many they eat, whether they exhibit any neurological signs, odd behaviours, or illness, and whether any parasites are present in the feces. The birds are not expected to be infected or have larvae present in the feces. Evaluating poultry as a potential method for brainworm control could help inform livestock management decisions, potentially leading to lower risk of P. tenuis infection.

0842. The Impact of Skin to Skin Contact on Breastfeeding, Bonding, and Thermoregulation
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Summer Egbert, Catherine Christiansen,  Meghan Mcdonald, Emily Lund
Mentor(s): Valerie Herbert 
Abstract: Skin to skin (STS) contact has evolved into a highly utilized practice that is defined as placing an infant’s bare chest on the mother’s bare chest. STS contact provides numerous beneficial outcomes for full terms infants. When infants are unable to maintain thermoregulation, there is an increased risk of infant mortality and morbidity. The lack of immediate maternal-newborn bonding negatively impacts adaptation to extrauterine life and breastfeeding initiation. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the benefits of implementing STS contact in full term infants immediately after birth. Using the CINAHL database through the University of Maine Fogler Library website, we searched for evidence-based articles related to the benefits of STS care in full term newborn infants. We researched benefits that would be applicable to the newborn from time of birth to discharge from the hospital. Phrases used in our search were: STS contact, breastfeeding, newborn temperature and newborn bonding. Our initial search resulted in ten evidence-based and peer-reviewed articles that were published within the last five years. We synthesized these ten articles for our research while specifically focusing on three articles. Through the research conducted, immediate STS care of newborns may increase neonatal temperature regulation, mother-baby bonding, and breastfeeding success. This intervention should be implemented in all immediate postpartum care to increase the health outcomes of infants. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of STS care in these health outcomes.

0843. Optimization of Carcinus maenas Fermentation
Graduate Presentation. 

Author(s): Delaney Greiner, Denise Skonberg, Brian Perkins Mentor(s): Jennifer Perry
Abstract: Carcinus maenas is an invasive species inhabiting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. Marketable uses for this species may help establish a fishery to reduce ecosystem damage and provide economic benefits to Maine fishers. Previous research supports the viable use of Carcinus maenas for production of a spontaneously fermented condiment. This study investigated the effect of fermentation temperature and starter cultures on amine nitrogen and histamine content in resulting green crab sauce. Green crabs trapped off the Maine coast were euthanized by freezing, crushed in a Hobart grinder, combined with 20% (w/w) salt in triplicate and fermented at 24°C, 30°C (with and without Tetragenococcus halophilus), 37°C (with and without Staphylococcus carnosus), and 50°C. Sampling occurred after fermenting 15, 30, 60, and 90 days. Amine nitrogen was quantified by formol titration. Histamine content was determined by HPLC using Waters AccQ·Tag. Data were analyzed by Shapiro test for normality, ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test for variance, and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test in R. No significant differences (p>0.05) in histamine content (average 6.7 ± 0.9 mg/100mL) were observed. Amine nitrogen at 30, 37, and 50°C was significantly higher than at 24°C, indicating greater proteolysis in these treatments. The treatments reached a maximum amine nitrogen of 423.9, 682.9, 679.8, and 515.7 mgN/100mL at 24°C, 30°C, 37°C, and 50°C respectively, on day 90. The data shows that S. carnosus and T. halophilus are ineffective in reducing histamine and temperatures ranging from 30-37°C appear ideal for production of a fermented crab condiment.

0844. Fungal Communities of Ancient and Contemporary Antarctic Sponges
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Nicole Ritchey
Mentor(s): Laurie Connell
Abstract: Not much is known about community composition of fungi in marine sponges, particularly those in Antarctica. During an expedition to Ross Island and the McMurdo Ice Shelf, six ancient sponges were collected from the surface of the ice shelf and one contemporary sponge from Dayton’s Wall, McMurdo Sound. The ancient sponges were in a debris field that had become entrained in the ice from the sea floor over the last tens to hundreds of years. The contemporary sponge, Anoxycalyx joubini, was collected in-situ for community comparison. Sequence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region was used to identify fungi from the sponge samples. Over 200 species were identified, across ten phyla (including Neocallimastigomycota) and one subphylum (Kickxellomycotina). Three main community structures were found, each one dominated by either the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, or Chytridiomycota. Fungal species diversity was fairly diverse in the majority of the samples, indicating balance of richness and abundance. Sponges dominated by the Chytridiomycota had the most fungal species diversity. This study was able to find potential for species evolution by identifying base changes in multiple sequences of two species, Glaciozyma antarctica & Leucosporidium sp.. Because of this long term isolation, it is likely that species have developed subspecies or diverged into new species in the ancient sponge samples. These samples hold a wealth of fungal information, and next steps to culture and fully identify novel species should be taken. This research will add to our understanding of fungal communities in marine sponges across the globe.

0845. Interventions to Decrease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder Exacerbations
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Alyssa Karlins, Kristen Veilleux, Nicole Despres, Sophie Russell
Mentor(s): Valerie Herbert
Abstract: PICO Question: Patients over 50 with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that use non-pharmacological interventions such as high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO), intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV), and aerobic exercise 3 times/week over 1 year have fewer acute exacerbations/readmissions compared to patients that only use prescribed medications. Topic and Purpose: COPD is a progressive lung disease that leads to decreased quality of life. Patients solely using pharmacological therapy suffer from frequent exacerbations. The introduction of additional interventions, HFCWO, IPV, and exercise, may help patients maintain higher quality of life. The purpose of this composition is to review if these interventions decrease the annual number of exacerbations and increase quality of life for patients with COPD. Methods/Results: Using the CINAHL database on the University of Maine Fogler library, we searched for articles relevant to non-pharmacological therapies in relation to COPD to ascertain if there was a significant effect. To narrow the search, we chose articles that focused on patients over the age of 50. We used phrases including: COPD, HFCWO, IPV, exercise, and exacerbations. Evidence based, peer reviewed articles less than ten years old were used. After reviewing 20 articles, we focused on eleven that were pertinent. Significant information will be collected from each article and compared. Outcomes: Upon review of literature, non-pharmacological interventions (HFCWO, IPV, and exercise), can reduce the amount of exacerbations and hospital admissions in COPD patients than those that do not use these techniques and devices. In addition, these interventions increase overall quality of life.

0846. Assessing long range aerosol transport in the North Pacific on seasonal to millennial time scales
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Hanna Brooks
Mentor(s): Karl Kreutz
Abstract: Recent changes in Arctic climate are due in part to atmosphere/ocean/ice processes including cloud formation, sea ice, microorganisms, and solar radiation that affect atmospheric aerosol characteristics. The extreme patterns of Arctic seasonality also play a role: a yearly cycle of dominantly polar night during the winter shifts to dominantly polar day during the summer. The relevance of these aerosol processes varies between the day and night, enhancing the climate seasonality of the region. Anthropogenic long-range transported aerosols are particles emitted into the atmosphere through human activities. Examination of the long term trends through time shows the effects of policy, culture, technology, and natural variability. I will present trace element concentration data from Mt. Hunter, Alaska. The two 208 meter long cores, collected from Mt. Hunter, are archives of aerosols extending from 2013 to 10,000 years before present. A longer-term perspective on natural climate change in the North Pacific region and the interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors in current climate trends can be developed by examining the trends in anthropogenic aerosols preserved in these ice cores. In this study, I examine the effects of seasonality in anthropogenic aerosols using trace element concentration data collected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, including lead, copper, and cesium. Additionally, I evaluate time-resolved impacts of governmental policy (e.g., phase out of leaded gasoline), cultural shifts (e.g., industrial revolutions) and technological improvements of mining and manufacturing using trace element concentration data.

0847. Public Perception of Gray Seals in New England: A Media Content Analysis
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Shannon Smith, Gabrianne McIntosh, Christina McCosker
Mentor(s): Kristina Cammen
Abstract: The population of gray seals in New England has experienced drastic change in abundance in recent years. They are known to have been historically present along the coast of New England, but from the late 19th to the early 20th century, bounty programs in Maine and Massachusetts caused populations to drastically decrease. Since 1972, gray seals have been protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and their populations have grown quickly over the past several decades. Although this population recovery should be celebrated, the public response has been mixed. This study investigates the hypothesis that changing population numbers caused a change in the general attitude toward grey seals and addresses how the topics surrounding seals have changed over time. We analyzed changes in the public perception of gray seals through an analysis of 88 newspaper articles published between 1980 and 2019 in the Boston Globe. Articles for analysis were identified by searching the archives for the key word “gray seal”. The articles were then analyzed in R Studio to identify and count certain keywords such as “shark” and “fish” and track the prevalence of these keywords over time. Our results showed a shift in focus of articles from seal sightings and tourism in early years toward concern over the return of sharks and negative impacts on fisheries. The information from this analysis can be used to better understand how to deal with increased human-wildlife interactions and can help inform the management of protected species that are recovering.

0849. Effects of Biochar-Compost mix on wild blueberry soil properties for mitigating crop drought stress
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Zachary Maynor, Rafa Tasnim
Mentor(s): Yongjiang Zhang
Abstract: Warming and increasing drought due to global climate change have increased water deficits and negatively affected the wild blueberry crop, one of the most important commercial crops in Maine. To mitigate those negative effects, this study tested water-holding capacity, soil pH, and nutrients of wild blueberry soil mixed with different rates of “biochar-compost mix”, which is a sustainable environment-friendly soil amendment. The biochar was provided by a biofuel company in Maine as a waste by-product produced from wood residuals and the compost was provided by the University of Maine composting facility. Six replicates of wild blueberry field soil were mixed with biochar-compost mix (50% biochar + 50% compost and 70% biochar + 30% compost) at 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% w/w ratios to test the water holding capacity of soil by water-percolation method. Those samples were also tested for their pH and nutrient elements. Here, 70% biochar + 30% compost mix showed the highest water holding capacity while mixed with the soil at 20% w/w rate. Also, the necessary major (P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and minor (B, Cu, Mn) nutrient elements were within the optimum range, in that ratio of biochar-compost mixed samples, which are required for wild blueberries. Therefore, from this study, it can be recommended to use 70% biochar + 30% compost mix as a soil amendment with the wild blueberry soil to increase its water holding capacity. However, this addition of soil amendment also increased the pH of soil up to 7, which might not be beneficial for wild blueberry crops since they thrive better in acidic soil (pH of 4-5). Hence, in this case, it is recommended to also apply sulfur to the soil to reduce the soil pH.

0850. The Ecology of the Blacklegged Tick in an Emergent Area for Tickborne Disease
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Griffin Dill
Mentor(s): Allie Gardner
Abstract: The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) is the primary vector of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and other tick-borne pathogens that pose threats to human health. As the blacklegged tick expands its geographic range and population in North America, factors including host abundance and human-induced land-use changes can play a contributing role in this expansion. Small mammal hosts serve as important reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens, with the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) often considered the principle reservoir. A sympatric species, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), can also serve as a reservoir of tick-borne pathogens, however its role in the maintenance of these pathogens has not been widely characterized. We assessed differences in tick infestation and tick-borne pathogen prevalence between the two Peromyscus species, while also analyzing the density and pathogen prevalence among host-seeking ticks. We conducted small mammal and tick collections across three broad land-use classifications and habitat types within the Penobscot River Valley in Maine, an emergent area for tick-borne disease. While P. leucopus exhibited a higher average tick burden (M=1.49; SD=2.83) than P. maniculatus (M=0.88; SD=1.65), infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi was higher in P. maniculatus (62% vs 45%). Land-use and habitat also impacted tick infestation rates, with tick burdens highest in residential settings, compared to recreational and agricultural/industrial settings, and in edge habitat compared to forest and open habitat. These differences among host species and across land-use gradients highlight the importance of secondary reservoirs in the maintenance of tick-borne disease.

0851. Assessing the utility of dynamic particle imaging in South Pole Ice Core dust analysis
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Aaron Chesler, Bess Koffman, Karl Kreutz, Erich Osterberg, Dominic Winski, David Ferris, Zayta Thundercloud Mentor(s): Karl Kreutz
Abstract: Microparticle concentration and size distributions can be measured using coulter counter techniques on discrete samples, which provides accurate volume measurements, and/or high-resolution laser based (Abakus) particle counters paired with continuous flow analysis (CFA), which provides high resolution and continuous data. Recent evidence suggests that the spherical particle shape assumption may be incorrect due to variations in particle shape (i.e., aspect ratio). Dynamic particle imaging methodologies (DPI; i.e., FlowCAM) have been used by the biological community recently to measure physical properties of micro-sized phytoplankton (i.e., length, width, aspect ratio). We use the dynamic particle imaging technique to measure microparticles over the past 54,000 years and compare to Abakus and Coulter Counter measurements collected from the SPICEcore during CFA melting. Discrete samples (spanning 35-135years) were collected during CFA melting and measured via Coulter Counter and dynamic particle imaging techniques during three time periods; Termination I (n = 19, 10-18,000 years ago), LGM (n = 20, 18-26,000 years ago), and Heinrich Stadials 4 and 5 (n = 16, 36-50,000 years ago). Using DPI width measurements we calculate particle spherical and ellipsoidal volume measurements using the assumption that particle width is equal to particle height and examine coarse (5.14-6.4µm) size dependent aspect ratios. Termination I coarse size dependent aspect ratio distributions are statistically different to LGM and Henrich Stadials 4 and 5 (p-value < 0.05). Temporally, spherical volume estimates compared to ellipsoidal volume estimates are less offset during Termination 1 but more offset during the LGM, indicating particle shape is temporally variable.

0852. Uptake and Redistribution of Bacillus cereus Spores in Kombucha Systems
Graduate Presentation. 
Author(s):
Alexandria Bromley
Co-Author(s):
Jennifer Perry
Mentor(s):
Dr. Jennifer Perry
Abstract:
Kombucha is known for its high microbial load and highly acidic nature that inhibits most extraneous microorganisms from surviving in the beverage. However, bacterial spore contamination and survival in the culture has been documented. It is unknown whether spores can survive in this beverage, or whether they are transmitted to daughter SCOBYs. In this study Bacillus cereus spores were inoculated onto SCOBY, in unfermented tea or in fermented kombucha and survival and redistribution (to daughter SCOBY, finished or stored fermentate) were assessed by cultural selective enrichment. The data collected from the presence or absence of B. cereus in each sample was analyzed using best fit logistic models (glm function) in R studio to determine any significant differences (p < 0.05) for each inoculation treatment. Integration of spores was observed in the mother SCOBY after direct SCOBY inoculation, and B. cereus was inconsistently transferred to the daughter SCOBY or liquid. On the other hand, only one replicate showed survival of spores into the liquid after direct liquid inoculation, and B. cereus was not detected after secondary fermentation or storage. While results did not indicate any specific pattern, they suggest that contamination from bacterial spores may occur at any stage of fermentation. Additional investigation should explore whether this risk is mitigated by subsequent product storage.

0853. Determining how prophage interaction impacts the expression of the transcription factor, whiB7
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Sarah McCallister, Jaycee Cushman, Sally Dixon, Keith Hutchison Mentor(s): Sally Molloy
Abstract: Individuals die worldwide from mycobacterial infections than any other infectious agent. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics is an urgent threat as life threatening bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus, are often extensively resistant to antibiotics and challenging to treat. Clarithromycin and amikacin are treatments for M. abscessus infections but resistant to both drugs due to high expression of whiB7, a transcription factor that activates expression in conserved mycobacterium resistant genes2. Prophages are known to increase antibiotic resistance in some bacteria but M. abscessus prophages, while the role in drug resistance is not fully characterized3. The Molloy lab demonstrated that the presence of two co-existing prophages, McProf and BPs, interact and alter expression of whiB7 and drug resistance M. chelonae. It is not understood how these two prophages interact to alter whiB7 expression. Cultures of lysogens, cells carrying prophages, have a small fraction of cells that undergo induction switches to lytic expression. McProf only carries out lysogenic infection while BPs spontaneously undergoes induction. We don’t know if BPs lytic or lysogenic expression is important for regulating whiB7 expression. To determine if BPs induction and lytic infection increases whiB7 expression with McProf present, an mCherry-whiB7 M. chelonae reporter strain carrying McProf and GFP-BPs fluorophage will be constructed. If BPs lytic infection plays a role in whiB7 expression, we’ll be able to detect BPs lytic expression and whiB7 expression in single cells. This allows us to measure the fraction of cells in the double lysogen that will undergo induction events and if it coincides with increased whiB7 expression.

0854. Essential factors for mycelium-lignocellulosic biocomposites production
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Wenjing Sun
Mentor(s): Dr. Mehdi Tajvidi
Abstract: Mycelium-lignocellulosic biocomposites are novel materials that provide the opportunity to achieve a biobased circular economy. By inoculating filamentous white-rot fungi in particles of lignocellulosic biomass for days and post-processing afterward, different forms of biocomposites could be produced. This study investigated physical and mechanical properties of two forms of biocomposites: as-grown foams and compressed panels. The functionality of mycelium in the composite system and the essential factors affecting specific applications will also be discussed.

0855. The Suitability of Macroalgal Species for Integrate Multi-Trophic Aquaculture in Land-Based and Ocean-Based Aquaculture Farms: A Literature Review
Author(s): Hannah Koehler
Mentor(s): Dr. Susan Brawley
Abstract: Maine’s aquaculture industry is expanding with three major finfish recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) recently approved for operation. Under some conditions, aquaculture effluent may cause eutrophication in receiving waters and one potential solution is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). The purpose of this review is to evaluate marine algal species that may have suitability to provide extractive capacity for IMTA in Maine’s finfish farms. Candidates being considered are Alaria esculenta, Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria tikvahiae, Palmaria palmata, Porphyra umbilicalis, Saccharina angustissima, Saccharina latissima, Ulva lactuca, and Wildemania amplissima. This literature review was performed to determine the environmental parameters that promote high macroalgal growth and to determine the tissue nitrogen concentrations for each macroalgal candidate. A review of the aquaculture permits provided information regarding the nutrient concentrations and water parameters of wastewater from RAS. The data acquired from this two-part review allowed consideration of 1) whether wastewater produced from these facilities provides suitable conditions for algal growth, and 2) the potential magnitude of nutrient removal by different algae. The pre-discharge wastewater would provide eutrophic conditions similar to those of algal culture media; however, macroalgal space requirements may reduce the extent of nutrient removal before the wastewater is discharged. Water temperature in aquaculture facilities limits the species that could be co-cultivated, making cold water kelps unsuitable for RAS IMTA. Several red algal species appear to be the most promising for consideration for RAS and open ocean IMTA. We encourage Maine’s companies and/or State government to consider designs for IMTA facilities, and to support pilot trials.

0857. Forward Genomics of a Complex Trait: Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Caleigh Charlebois, Diane Genereux, Joy-El Barbour Talbot, Ana Breit Mentor(s): Danielle Levesque
Abstract: We now understand mammalian basal metabolic rate, or BMR, as an incredibly complex trait. Even among closely related species, the trait displays much diversity. In some mammals, BMR may vary greatly within a single day, and these cycles differ during different stages in animals’ development. The mechanisms through which regulation of metabolic rate is achieved are also varied, including cellular processes, behaviors, and anatomical features such as vasculature and insulation. As genes control all of these factors, the genetics of BMR is equally complex. One tool for uncovering genetic correlates of a complex phenotype is the forward genomics pipeline developed by the Hiller group at the Max Planck Institute in Dresden, which allowed researchers to correctly identify the inactivated gene associated with loss of a phenotype by inputting only the full genomes of a set of mammals and indicating which species in the set had lost the phenotype. This pipeline has only been applied to binary traits which are either present or absent, not continuous traits such as basal metabolic rate and body temperature which are represented by numerical measurements. This project documents the outcome of using different thresholds to convert a continuous trait (mammalian BMR) to a binary trait to be analyzed by the Hiller pipeline. It also explores the assumptions made by both the Hiller forward genomics analysis and another pipeline produced by the Bejerano lab at Stanford University to determine whether it is possible to modify those approaches to incorporate analysis of continuous traits.

0858. Impact of Salting and Brining on Physicochemical and Microbial Quality of Sugar Kelp
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Richa Arya Mentor(s): Dr. Jennfier Perry
Abstract: Fresh sugar kelp was stored at -20°C after vacuum packaging. Frozen samples were thawed at 4°C for 24 h before experiments. Dry salting (30% w/w) and brining (40% NaCl solution) treatments were applied to sugar kelp until water activity reached ≤ 0.77. Salted kelp was stored at ambient temperature or 4°C for up to 90 days. Physicochemical properties (water activity, moisture, color), and microbial quality (aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic, marine bacteria) were assessed on days 0, 30, 60 and 90. One-way ANOVA (p<0.05) was used to assess the effects of treatment, storage temperature and time on physicochemical and microbial characteristics of sugar kelp.
Salting and brining significantly reduced the water activity and moisture content of sugar kelp. during storage, the darkness of treated sugar kelp samples significantly increased, regardless of storage temperature. No microbial counts exceeded 2.0 log CFU/g after 30 days for brined and salted kelp stored at ambient temperature and 4°C. The results indicated that salting and brining can be used as an alternative food preservation technology for high quality sugar kelp.

0859. Multifunctional Cellulose Nanocrystal Films prepared with Trivalent Metal Ions for Food Packaging
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Cong Chen Mentor(s): Dr. Douglas Gardner 
Abstract: Conventional fossil-based plastic products cause serious environmental pollution and have detrimental impacts on wildlife, thus finding suitable eco-friendly materials is becoming an urgent need for our planet. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), as a sustainable and biodegradable material, shows great potential for the next generation food packaging. Neat CNC films exhibit extraordinary mechanical and oxygen barrier properties and are transparent. However, their water sensitivity and flammability limit wide commercial applications. The aim of this work is to produce high quality CNC films with multifunctional properties using a facile processing method. Aqueous CNC suspensions were ion exchanged with different concentrations of trivalent metal ions (Al3+, Fe3+) that undergo cross-linking between the metal ions and sulfate half-ester groups of the CNCs. Homogeneous, transparent and flexible ion exchanged CNC films were formed by suspension casting. The ion exchanged CNC films exhibit excellent UV absorption, oxygen barrier property at high relative humidity, and flame self-extinction. In addition, the water vapor transmission rate of the CNC cross-linked films was decreased, and the water absorption durability was improved. We believe that this facile and environmentally friendly approach to produce CNC films with multifunctional properties will present great potential in packaging applications.

0860. Phenolic Extracts from Wild Blueberries Promote Vascularization Associated with Wound Healing
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Natalie VandenAkker,Tolu Adekeye, James Weber, Dorothy Klimis-Zakas Mentor(s): Dr. Dorothy Klimis-Zakas
Abstract:
Wounds occur in over 15 million people with approximately $60 billion spent annually on wound care. Deficient neovascularization is one of the major factors that promotes chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers which ultimately results in amputation. Currently, there is no adequate treatment for effective wound healing. Previously, we reported that extracts from wild blueberries promote angiogenesis in HUVEC cells by increasing cell migration, angiogenesis, and upregulating the expression of VEGF, but the in vivo effect is unknown. To investigate this, phenolic (PE) and anthocyanin (ACN) fractions were extracted from wild blueberries and their composition was determined by HPLC. Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into eight animals per group in seven groups consisting of Control, PE 250mg/dl, 500mg/dl, 1000mg/dl, PE+ACN 250mg/dl, 500mg/dl and 1000mg/dl. Wounds were created on the dorsal side of each rat and treated with the above extracts, once per day for 7days. To assess the effect of PE and PE+ ACN on wound closure, the wound closure area was photographed daily, and percent of wound closure was determined using ImageJ. To assess vascularization, the wound tissues were excised, stained with H&E, visualized and quantified under light microscope. We observed increased wound closure (20%) and upregulated vascularization in the PE treated group (500mg/dl) compared to control. Further analyses will investigate vascular gene expression using qPCR. This research may be beneficial to patients with acute and chronic wounds and will positively promote economic growth for wild blueberry growers and the state of Maine.

0861. Assessing Spatial and Temporal Variability in Zooplankton Biomass in the Gulf of Maine
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Emma Dullaert, Jeffrey Runge Mentor(s): Dr. Lee Karp-Boss
Abstract:
The Gulf of Maine (GoM) harbors a productive ecosystem that supports a wide variety of marine life, providing services upon which local communities rely. In light of the rapid warming the GoM has been experiencing in recent decades, a pressing need exists to quantify how its marine ecosystem is affected by climate-driven change. Zooplankton represent an important link in energy transfer from lower to higher trophic levels in the marine environment as they control the abundance and composition of phytoplankton and are a food source for consumer from pelagic forage fish to baleen whales. The present study investigates how zooplankton biomass in the GoM has changed over space and time in recent years by analyzing zooplankton dry weight data collected from the deep Wilkinson Basin, the Damariscotta Estuary, and the Maine Coastal Current. The primary objectives are to determine whether there have been changes in seasonal biomass trends and the relative contribution to the overall biomass of the planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, a sentinel species. The results provide insight into changes in the structure and function of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem as a whole.

0863. Brewers’ spent Grain (BSG) Fermentation.
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s): Adoum Fadaya Arabi Mentor(s): Dr. Denise Skonberg
Abstract:
This study focuses on the upcycling of Brewers’ Spent Grain or BSG. BSG is a major by-product from the brewing industry. It is generated in large quantities that are expected to increase each year due to increasing beer production in the U.S. BSG is currently used animal feed. However, BSG can be used as a human food ingredient due to its protein and fiber contents. Previous research was limited to the incorporation of BSG flour into cereal products such as breads, cookies, muffins, and pastas with adverse effects on the sensory qualities at 20% or higher levels of BSG flour incorporation. Additional challenges of BSG are the high moisture content that accelerates its spoilage, lower sensory acceptability, and mediocre protein quality. 

To overcome these limitations, we suggest an approach which consists of transforming the BSG into a new product through fermentation. 

The objectives of this study are to monitor the effects of fungal fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus on the nutritional (soluble proteins), sensorial, and functional properties of BSG. The effects of temperature, PH, and fermentation time on the soluble protein content of the final by-product will also be assessed. The resulting product with higher soluble protein content and improved functional properties will be a potential new food ingredient for the food industry. Upcycling of BSG via fungal fermentation will also bring additional economic benefits for breweries, help prevent food waste, and contribute to overall environmental protection.

0865. Investigation of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing on an Arabidopsis thaliana Minichromosome
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Benjamin Moore  Mentor(s): Ek Han Tan
Abstract: Synthetic biology is a burgeoning field that is currently underexplored. Naturally occurring minichromosomes are suitable targets to examine synthetic biology techniques. In Arabidopsis thaliana, minichromosomes are genetic artifacts left behind after centromere mediated genome elimination, a haploid induction system that has been well characterized in this species. Our goal is to show that minichromosomes can be edited with no unfavorable consequences to the organism that hosts it. CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR) is a tool used for precise genome editing in plants and animals. We are investigating to see if CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to modify an Arabidopsis minichromosome, which we have named Mini1a. We preformed two transformations of Mini1a plants. The first transformation of paired single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with the nickase version of Cas9 to test if the minichromosomes can be modified. The second transformation used the same paired sgRNA with the typical Cas9 protein gene. We will perform DNA sequencing across the CRISPR sgRNA sites to determine if there were any changes made in either case. We hope to show that that precise in planta manipulation of minichromosomes is feasible via CRISPR-Cas9 and that minichromosomes are viable platforms for chromosome engineering in plants.

0867. Quantification of Variance and Drought Resistance of Maine Wild and high bush Blueberries
Undergraduate Presentation.
Author(s): Aldous Hofmann, Pratima Pahadi Mentor(s): Dr. YongJiang Zhan
Abstract: Wild blueberries are an important crop to the state of Maine commercially and culturally that are characterized by high inter-genotypic variation both within and across two main species where these species have been coevolving for around 10,000 years. These blueberries grow in a rhizomatous system underneath the soil but above ground appear as a mosaic of individual clones where they differ in biological traits, like age, height, color and hue, phenology, and yield. Our studies suggest that these two species also differ from one another in terms of both structural and physiological traits and that these variations are due to high stem variation within the genotype compared to genotype variation across the species. Comparison of Leaf Economic Spectrum traits of blueberries species with GLOPNET species also shows that the trait relationships are not consistent and show very weak relationships. This variation again could be high stem variation within the genotype and not all LES trait relationships hold true at local scales where our study site is a semi natural agricultural system. With the change in environmental conditions over years we see that there is a shift in the species requirements and occupancy of different quantitative areas based on their requirements. It is possible that these two species have been coexisting and coevolving for a long period of time. Each species has their own set of requirements for example, soil nutrients, and even if they have similar requirements they may utilize those at different times of a day.

0868. Production of Wood Flour from Secondary Processing Mill Residues in Maine and its Utilization
Graduate Presentation.
Author(s):
Geeta Pokhrel Mentor(s): Douglas Jerome 
Abstract:
Maine, among the most forested states (89% coverage) in the nation has a large number of forest product producers that generate around 1.6 million tons of mill processing residues annually. However, most of the mill residues are not utilized commercially. Being home to a wood plastic composite (WPC) manufacturer in Biddeford, there is no commercial production of wood flour here and the company relies on a Canadian firm for sourcing wood flour feedstocks. Usually, the shipping cost of wood flour exceeds its actual material price and tractor trailer trucks are loaded without attaining their maximum weight limit, which consequently increases the cost of raw material for WPC manufacturing, and affects the price of finished products. Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. In addressing the above mentioned issues, this study focused on exploring the utilization secondary processing mill residues from four wood species in Maine based on abundance and species utilized in WPC manufacture. Methodologies included laboratory work on wood flour manufacturing and material properties characterization. Besides wood flour, WPCs were manufactured and tested using wood pellets. Interviews will be carried out with industrial producers to understand the processing costs of wood flour and wood pellets. A network analyst tool in ArcGIS will be used to understand the transportation costs of these products. This study will ultimately encourage investors to establish a wood flour industry in Maine to ensure the efficient outlet of mill residues. Furthermore, WPC manufacturers would benefit from the minimization of their raw material costs that would positively impact subsequent customers.