{"id":3580,"date":"2020-02-02T11:42:31","date_gmt":"2020-02-02T16:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/jmb\/?page_id=3580"},"modified":"2020-02-02T21:00:51","modified_gmt":"2020-02-03T02:00:51","slug":"vol-40-numbers-3-and-4-summer-and-autumn-2019","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/jmb\/vol-40-numbers-3-and-4-summer-and-autumn-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 40, Numbers 3 and 4, Summer and Autumn 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

CHANging Consciousness Epistemically (CHANCE): <\/b><\/span>An Empirical Method to
\nConvert the Subjective\u00a0<\/b>Content of Consciousness into Scientific Data
\n<\/b><\/span><\/b>Daisuke H. Tanaka and Tsutomu Tanabe, Tokyo Medical and Dental University<\/span><\/p>\n

The content of consciousness (cC) constitutes an essential part of human life and is at the very heart of the hard problem of consciousness. The cC of a person (e.g., study participant) has been examined <\/span>indirectly <\/i><\/span>by evaluating the person\u2019s behavioral reports, bodily signs, or neural signals. However, the measures do not reflect the full spectrum of the person\u2019s cC. In this paper, we define a method, called \u201cCHANging Consciousness Epistemically\u201d (CHANCE), to consciously experience a cC that would be identical to that experienced by another person, and thus <\/span>directly <\/i><\/span>know the entire spectrum of the other\u2019s cC. In addition, the ontologically subjective knowledge about a person\u2019s cC may be considered epistemically objective and scientific data. The CHANCE method comprises two empirical steps: (1) identifying the minimally sufficient, content-specific neural correlates of consciousness (mscNCC) and (2) reproducing a specific mscNCC in different brains.<\/span><\/p>\n

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tsutomu Tanabe, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. Email: t-tanabe.mphm@tmd.ac.jp<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Extended Passive<\/b>\/<\/b><\/span>Ac<\/b>tive Duality
\n<\/b><\/span>Eric Lindell, New York City<\/span><\/p>\n

A structural duality of passive and active is found to characterize consciousness (as subjective experience and volitional agency, respectively) and physics (as matter and energy, respectively). To rule out coincidence, this duality is sought and found to characterize a third metaphysical domain, computation (as data and algorithm, respectively). Also to argue against coincidence, a conceptual interrelatedness among the three passives is found to exist among the three actives, as follows. Matter contains data per subjective observer\u2019s interpretation; energy expenditures execute algorithms per volitional agent\u2019s intention.<\/p>\n

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to <\/span>Eric Lindell, 23 Lexington Avenue #633, New York, New York 10010. Email: EricLindellNyc@gmail.com<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Animals Suffer Too \u2014\u2009A Response to Akhtar\u2019s\u00a0 <\/span>\u201cAnimal Pain <\/b><\/span>and Welfare:
\nCan Pain Sometimes Be Worse for <\/b>Them than for Us?\u201d
\n<\/b><\/b>Sam S. Rakover, Haifa University<\/span><\/p>\n

In her chapter, Akhtar (2011) suggests that animals experience worse physical pain than humans because animals are not endowed with self-consciousness or with consciousness of the passage of time. In this article, I dispute this idea. Instead, I develop a fear\/pain criterion of rational behavior that reveals that rats do behave rationally whereas humans in many cases do not. A human applies his or her higher intellectual capability such that at times it increases suffering and at times it decreases suffering.<\/p>\n

Correspondence pertaining to this article should be addressed to Sam S. Rakover, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel 31905. Email: rakover@psy.haifa.ac.il<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Thorndike\u2019s Valuations Revisited
\n<\/b><\/b><\/b>Tracy B. Henley, Texas A & M University \u2013 Commerce and Stephen T. Paul, Robert Morris University<\/span><\/p>\n

In the early 1930s, Thorndike asked a variety of participants to estimate how much money (paid in cash) they would require to suffer a variety of pains (e.g., the worst headache or toothache you have ever had), deprivations (e.g., have all your teeth pulled out), frustrations (e.g., have to live all the rest of your life in Iceland), and repulsive acts (e.g., eat a quarter pound of cooked human flesh). The present study was performed to determine if and how the relative importance of these valuations has changed since Thorndike\u2019s original work. Although a few curious differences obtain, the general pattern of results is largely consistent with Thorndike\u2019s findings \u2014 people report they would require outlandish compensation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tracy Henley, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Texas A & M University, Commerce, Texas 75429. Email: tracy.henley@tamuc.edu<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Quantum Physics and the Future of Psychology
\n<\/b><\/b>Daniel M. Campagne, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (UNED)<\/span><\/p>\n

Quantum theory is still novel in physics and new findings are regularly reported. The theory affirms that the atomic and subatomic universe consists of quanta: individual particles. Quantum theory coexists with traditional continuum physics, which posits gradual differences that are interpreted in a dichotomous manner, similar to diagnostics in psychology. The consequences of a quantized universe are revealing for understanding life, determining what happens inside living beings on the subatomic level, and how this affects consciousness and behavior. Hard-core evidence as to a relationship between quantum aspects and consciousness has been forthcoming. However, present theories that extrapolate theoretical insights from quantum physics to real-world actions, specifically psychological science, remain speculative and controversial. I argue that psychologists need to have a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and be familiar with quantum terminology and its meaning. Consciousness theories, in a growing number, describe possible quantum effects on mind and behavior, which indicate a role in psychopathology. Any proposed \u201cquantum treatments\u201d require further critical evaluation before clinical use is warranted. <\/span><\/p>\n

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Daniel M. Campagne at Faculty of Psychology, Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia, 10 Calle Juan del Rosal, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Email: dmcampagne@gmail.com<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Critical Notice<\/strong><\/p>\n

How Chance, Environment, and Genes Determine Neurodevelopment
\n<\/b><\/b>D.V.\u200aM. Bishop, University of Oxford<\/span><\/p>\n

Book Title: Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are.
\n<\/span>Book Author: Kevin J. Mitchell. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018, 293 pages, $29.95 hardcover<\/span><\/p>\n

Most of us are perfectly comfortable hearing about biological bases of differences between species, but studies of biological bases of differences between people can make us uneasy. This can create difficulties for the scientist who wants to do research on the way genes influence neurodevelopment: if we identify genetic variants that account for individual differences in brain function, then it may seem a small step to concluding that some people are inherently more valuable than others. And indeed in 2019 we have seen calls for use of polygenic risk scores to select embryos for potential educational attainment (Parens, Appelbaum, and Chung, 2019). There has also been widespread condemnation of the first attempt to create a genetically modified baby using CRISPR technology (Normile, 2018), with the World Health Organization (2019) responding by setting up an advisory committee to develop global standards for governance of human genome editing.<\/span><\/p>\n

Correspondence for this article should be addressed to Professor D. V. M. Bishop, University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom. Email: dorothy.bishop@psy.ox.ac.uk <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CHANging Consciousness Epistemically (CHANCE): An Empirical Method to Convert the Subjective\u00a0Content of Consciousness into Scientific Data Daisuke H. Tanaka and Tsutomu Tanabe, Tokyo Medical and Dental University The content of consciousness (cC) constitutes an essential part of human life and is at the very heart of the hard problem of consciousness. The cC of a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1232,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3580","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nVol. 40, Numbers 3 and 4, Summer and Autumn 2019 - The Journal of Mind and Behavior - University of Maine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/jmb\/vol-40-numbers-3-and-4-summer-and-autumn-2019\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 40, Numbers 3 and 4, Summer and Autumn 2019 - The Journal of Mind and Behavior - University of Maine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"CHANging Consciousness Epistemically (CHANCE): An Empirical Method to Convert the Subjective\u00a0Content of Consciousness into Scientific Data Daisuke H. 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