{"id":12391,"date":"2025-06-10T11:43:24","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T15:43:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/?page_id=12391"},"modified":"2025-06-10T13:27:25","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T17:27:25","slug":"research-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/research-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a{background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(8,46,88) 0%,rgb(65,118,161) 99%);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_903170-7a alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsDarkBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_a6bd4d-b2 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_a6bd4d-b2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_a6bd4d-b2 > 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.kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_eb723d-e2 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_eb723d-e2 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_eb723d-e2 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_eb723d-e2 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_d04172-ac > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_d04172-ac\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_a8c0a1-a3 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_0e8a06-41\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Salmon Valley, Antarctica&nbsp;\u2013 Margaret Jackson, Brenda Hall<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2011-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Last Glacial Maximum, a grounded ice sheet filled the Ross Sea. &nbsp;This ice was thick enough to flow onto the Victoria Land coast and intrude into the valleys of the Royal Society Range. &nbsp;While we know quite a bit about the extent of this ice sheet, the timing of its retreat is more enigmatic. &nbsp;Because of this, Antarctica\u2019s contribution to past sea-level change is an open question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m investigating the history of ice in the Ross Sea, as well as Antarctica\u2019s role in past sea-level change, through study of the glacial history of Salmon Valley in the Royal Society Range. &nbsp;I use glacial geologic mapping and radiocarbon dating of fossil algae to determine the chronology of glaciation and to reconstruct past ice extent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This work was funded by the National Science Foundation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"6601\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2011\/04\/IMG_8678-508x285.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Mt. Discovery on Brown Peninsula from Salmon Valley as our team samples lacustrine algae from the drift.\" class=\"wp-image-6601\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A view of Mt. Discovery on Brown Peninsula from Salmon Valley as our team samples lacustrine algae from the drift.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"6600\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2011\/04\/IMG_8651-508x285.jpg\" alt=\"Looking west towards the Royal Society Range from lower Salmon Valley. Salmon Glacier is visible.\" class=\"wp-image-6600\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Looking west towards the Royal Society Range from lower Salmon Valley. Salmon Glacier is visible.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Publications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/07\/Hall-etal-2015_NatGeo-Accumulation-western-Ross-Sea.pdf\">Hall, B. L., Denton, G. H., Heath, S. L., Jackson, M. S. &amp; Koffman, T. N. B. Accumulation and marine forcing of ice dynamics in the western Ross Sea during the last deglaciation. Nat. Geosci. 1\u20135 (2015). doi:10.1038\/ngeo2478<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40{background-color:#e5f0f9;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_666bbe-40 alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsLightBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_467268-9f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_467268-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_467268-9f\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_d4805b-df alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_bf696e-d2\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_126f73-a2 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_c0f9ec-4b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Holocene climate change \u2013 McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica&nbsp;\u2013Scott Braddock, Brenda Hall<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2012-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 University of Maine (Brenda Hall, Scott Braddock, Audra Norvaisa) University of California \u2013 Santa Cruz (Paul Koch, Rachel Brown, Jon Nye)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The aim of this project is to create a Holocene water temperature reconstruction for the Ross Sea region of Antarctica using oxygen isotopes from scallop shells (Adamussium colbecki). Shells found in raised marine terraces and deltas span from the late to mid Holocene, roughly the last 6000 years. Results from this study will provide a proxy for fluctuations in water temperature after the retreat of grounded ice in the Ross Sea. Samples were collected along the Scott Coast in January, 2013, with a field team consisting of three members from the University of Maine and three members from the University of California \u2013 Santa Cruz (UCSC). I will use oxygen isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of the scallop shells to develop this temperature reconstruction and travel to UCSC\u2019s stable isotope laboratory over the summer to begin analyzing data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An understanding of temperature variations in the Ross Sea region during the Holocene will provide better insight into how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and local alpine glaciers may react to changing climate in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by the National Science Foundation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3471\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Explorers-Cove-Camp.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Explorers-Cove-Camp-1024x263.jpg\" alt=\"Field Camp - Taylor Valley, Antarctica\" class=\"wp-image-3471\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Field Camp \u2013 Explorers Cove, Antarctica<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3473\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/IMG_1733.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/IMG_1733-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Left to right. Scott Braddock, Brenda Hall, Paul Koch, Rachel Brown, Audra Norvaisa, Jon Nye\" class=\"wp-image-3473\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The team! left to right. Scott Braddock, Brenda Hall, Paul Koch, Rachel Brown, Audra Norvaisa, Jon Nye<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3472\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Canada-Glacier5.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Canada-Glacier5-1024x270.jpg\" alt=\"Canada Glacier, Taylor Valley.\" class=\"wp-image-3472\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Canada Glacier, Taylor Valley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3{background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(8,46,88) 0%,rgb(65,118,161) 99%);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_c45995-e3 alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsDarkBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_b19a69-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_b19a69-54\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_384046-fd alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_0a98e5-34\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_074a6c-93 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_dc2c41-07\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Dating the LGM in Tierra del Fuego&nbsp;\u2013 Jennifer Lennon, Brenda Hall<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2012-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members<\/strong>: Brenda Hall, Alex Introne, Mike Kaplan, Jen Lennon, Tom Lowell, Aaron Putnam<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chilean Tierra del Fuego, March 25, 2013- April 2, 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by Dan and Betty Churchill, National Science Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction:&nbsp;One implication of Milankovitch\u2019s orbital theory of ice ages is that glacial cycles should be asynchronous between the northern and southern mid-latitudes, because insolation forcing is out of phase between the two hemispheres. However, evidence at present points to a near-synchronous termination (a rapid transition from glacial to interglacial conditions) at the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM) in both hemispheres. One way to test hypotheses for the ice ages and their terminations is to create detailed glacial chronologies that record the timing of past ice fluctuations. &nbsp;Globally distributed records allow one to make geographic comparisons to isolate potential mechanisms that drive ice ages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The glacial history of southernmost South America is not well-documented at present, but is important for understanding the characteristics of the Southern Hemisphere ice age and termination. During March and April of 2013, a field team from the University of Maine (along with colleagues from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the University of Cincinnati) traveled to Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil, Chile, to collect data to improve the local glacial record, and that allow for the testing of larger hypotheses concerning the termination of the last ice age. The field work consisted of glacial mapping and the collection of rock samples from boulder surfaces for surface-exposure age dating. This technique results in precise dates of glacial landform construction. When a quartz-bearing boulder melts out of a receding ice lobe, the boulder surface is exposed to cosmogenic rays. When these rays strike the surface, spallation reactions occur within the quartz and produce&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be atoms at known production rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Location and Setting:&nbsp;The Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil field area lies at 53\u00b0S and 69\u00baW on the equatorial side of the Antarctic Frontal Zone. The Straights of Magellan and Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil are large marine inlets surrounded on all sides by low elevation coastal areas. During the LGM (~26,000 -18,000 years before present) ice flowed through the Straits of Magellan from mountains to the west and south, such as Cordillera Darwin. The moraines adjacent to Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil&nbsp; represent the fluctuations of a major ice lobe during the LGM until the start of the last termination. The moraines examined during this field season lie just to the south of Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil, on the Chilean side of Tierra del Fuego. The landscape is covered with heath-like vegetation and few trees. The moraines here are subtle, appearing as boulder strings on low, curving ridges. The windward surfaces of the boulders are very weathered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Field&nbsp;Season:&nbsp;The field party arrived in Punta Arenas, Chile, on the 25<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;of March, and by the next day, we had 4\u00d74 vehicles loaded to the brim with field team members and equipment. To get to the field site, we first took a ferry across the Straits of Magellan. We drove south through Tierra del Fuego until arrival in Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil. Most of Tierra del Fuego is privately owned, and the field work completed during this expedition was done on two large estancias, Estancia Tres Hermanos, and Estancia Rosa Irene, with landowner permission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On Estancia Tres Hermanos, we sampled ten ideal boulders from two closely-spaced moraines. Estancia Rosa Irene contained a younger moraine set than those found at Estancia Tres Hermanos, and we took twenty-three samples from this location.For the purposes of cosmogenic surface exposure dating, an ideal boulder should be in place, and have its original surface. In addition, the boulders should be shielded only minimally. Corrections can be made for shielding effects, but to introduce the least error, our field crew tried to select boulders where shielding was minimal. After each boulder was approved by the field team, a surface-slab was taken using either a small charge or a set of wedges and shims. The surface characteristics of the boulder and its geomorphological setting were then recorded in field notebooks, photographed, and logged as points on a Trimble GPS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conclusions: The samples collected at Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil are currently being processed at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be surface-exposure dating. When geochemical processing at LDEO is complete, the samples will be sent to Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory, where the&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be\/<sup>9<\/sup>Be ratio will be measured. This dating method is highly precise, and should result in a new chronology of glacial recession in Tierra del Fuego, allowing for the testing of larger hypotheses that aim to solve the mystery of the ice ages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This field excursion was made possible by the generous support of the Churchill Fund- Thank you!<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Figure1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Figure1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure1\" class=\"wp-image-3464\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Figure2-1024x664.png\" alt=\"Figure2\" class=\"wp-image-3465\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Figure2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/figure3.jpg\" alt=\"figure3\" class=\"wp-image-3466\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Figure4.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Figure4.jpg\" alt=\"Figure4\" class=\"wp-image-3467\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61{background-color:#e5f0f9;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_5f186e-61 alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsLightBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_be41e4-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_be41e4-be\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_ab6296-35 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_33b0d1-f2\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_424b3b-38 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_eadc56-f2\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Terminal Pleistocene glaciation of high-altitude Andes near Chivay, Peru: Implications for tropical paleoclimate and Paleoindian-age people&nbsp;\u2013 Scott Braddock, Paul Pluta<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2013-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members<\/strong>: Scott Braddock, Gordon Bromley, Paul Pluta<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tropical Andes are an ideal location to study past abrupt climate change and the impacts such events imposed on Paleoindian populations. Previous work by Sandweiss et al. (1998) in southern Peru suggested the glacial history of this region influenced when the Chivay source of obsidian became available to early populations. While continuing to determine the pattern of southern Peru\u2019s late Pleistocene climate, we also can help answer whether glacial fluctuations made certain important resources inaccessible during this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our proposed research aims to use glacial geology to address how glaciers behaved during the Terminal Pleistocene in the tropical Andes and how the impacts of ice-marginal fluctuations may have influenced human-environment interactions in southern Peru. To address these questions we propose to determine: (1) whether glacial features in the Chivay region date to the Younger Dryas, or show a different signal correlated to the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and (2) if the Chivay obsidian source was covered by a glacial readvance at the end of the Pleistocene, making the site inaccessible to early South Americans, such as the occupants of Quebrada Jaguay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Field work was completed this summer during July. The team successfully collected samples from glacial erratics that will be used to determine when local glaciers had receded and exposed the Chivay source of obsidian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding for this field expedition provided by Dan and Betty Churchill Exploration Fund.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3477\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Gordon-Scott-Family-Group.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Gordon-Scott-Family-Group.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Braddock (far left) and Gordon Bromley (far right) at field site. Center are a very generous local family who provided a delicious breakfast each morning. \" class=\"wp-image-3477\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Scott Braddock (far left) and Gordon Bromley (far right) at field site. Center are a very generous local family who provided a delicious breakfast each morning. Photo by Gordon Bromley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3482\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/09\/Chivay-rock.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/09\/Chivay-rock.jpg\" alt=\"Chivay rock\" class=\"wp-image-3482\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Searching for suitable glacial erratics that will be used for helium dating.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3478\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Scott-climbing-Coropuna.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/08\/Scott-climbing-Coropuna.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Braddock catching the sunrise on an early morning climb. Photo by Gordon Bromley.\" class=\"wp-image-3478\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Scott Braddock catching the sunrise on an early morning climb. Photo by Gordon Bromley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce{background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(8,46,88) 0%,rgb(65,118,161) 99%);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_8b2999-ce alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsDarkBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_9f9c0f-55\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_b8fc93-c9 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_fa3ed3-f8\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_6b8449-98 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_4387fa-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_4387fa-20\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Chronology of the Loch Lomond Advance in Scotland&nbsp;\u2013 Gordon Bromley, Aaron Putnam, Kurt Rademaker<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2010-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members<\/strong>: Gordon Bromley, Aaron Putnam, Kurt Rademaker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by the Dan &amp; Betty Churchill, the Lamont Climate Center, and UMaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This research aims to decipher the full manifestation of abrupt climate change in the circum North Atlantic. Our objective is to place firm chronologic constraint on the last pulse of glaciation in the British Isles \u2013 the Loch Lomond Advance. Being located on the margin of the North Atlantic Ocean, former glaciers in the Scottish Highlands will have been highly sensitive to changes in upwind sea-surface temperature and circulation changes. Thus, the Scottish moraine record is an unparalleled tool for deciphering the terrestrial impact of North Atlantic \u2018stadial\u2019 events such as the Younger Dryas and Heinrich Stadial 1. Specifically, we are working to ascertain exactly how the cryosphere responded to the extreme seasonality of these events. As a first step, we focused on collecting and dating basal sediments overlying Loch Lomond tills at Rannoch Moor \u2013 the former centre of the Loch Lomond ice cap \u2013 in order to provide a robust minimum age for the end of the event. Our approach incorporated detailed field mapping and sediment coring, using a Livingstone corer, to reach the earliest post-glacial sediments on Rannoch Moor. Plant macrofossils extracted from the basal sections of the cores have been radiocarbon dated to provide the minimum-limiting chronology for deglaciation. Our findings to date, published recently in&nbsp;<em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;(Bromley&nbsp;<em>et al<\/em>., 2014), suggest the Younger Dryas \u2013 and by extension other stadial events \u2013 was characterised by summertime warming in the North Atlantic, resulting in glacier retreat, rather than uniform cooling. Following on from that work, we are now applying cosmogenic&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be &nbsp;surface-exposure dating to late-glacial moraines in the NW Highlands in order to refine the glacial chronology and resolve directly the timing of this late-glacial event, from its maximum extent through deglaciation. All&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be samples are being run through the UMaine geochronology lab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To learn more about Gordon and Kurt\u2019s collaboration with the Scottish Land Estates and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Dundonnell and Eilean Darrach Estates,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.helpingithappen.co.uk\/case-study-65\">click here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3731\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/Buchaille-Etive-Mor.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/Buchaille-Etive-Mor-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Buchaille Etive Mor\" class=\"wp-image-3731\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Buchaille Etive Mor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3735\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1684.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1684-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1684\" class=\"wp-image-3735\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The team sediment coring to reach the earliest post-glacial sediments on Rannoch Moor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"3736\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1732.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1732-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1732\" class=\"wp-image-3736\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Two thumbs up for coring!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4613\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/An-Teallach-panorama_1b.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/An-Teallach-panorama_1b-1024x467.jpg\" alt=\"An Teallach panorama\" class=\"wp-image-4613\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Strath na Sealga and the Fisherfield Forest from An Teallach<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4614\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/DSC_0172_tweaked.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/DSC_0172_tweaked-680x1024.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0172_tweaked\" class=\"wp-image-4614\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An Teallach in winter raiment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4615\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/DSC_0346.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/DSC_0346-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0346\" class=\"wp-image-4615\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sampling late-glacial erratics on Mac is Mathair<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4616\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/DSC_0371.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/DSC_0371-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0371\" class=\"wp-image-4616\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sampling late-glacial erratics on Mac is Mathair<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Publications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gordon R. M. Bromley, Aaron E. Putnam, Kurt M. Rademaker, Thomas V. Lowell, Joerg M. Schaefer, Brenda Hall, Gisela Winckler, Sean Birkel, Harold W. Borns, 2014. Younger Dryas deglaciation of Scotland driven by warming summers.&nbsp;<em>PNAS<\/em>&nbsp;111, 6215-6219.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1321122111\">www.pnas.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1321122111<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_7141ca-ef > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_7141ca-ef > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_7141ca-ef > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_7141ca-ef{background-color:#e5f0f9;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_7141ca-ef > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_7141ca-ef > 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.kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_f983f7-6d > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_f983f7-6d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_f983f7-6d{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_f983f7-6d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_f983f7-6d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_f983f7-6d\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_b279a1-19 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_87cc09-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_87cc09-96\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_452335-f8 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_8b1ee9-4a\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Reconstructing Late Quaternary climate variability in the tropical Andes&nbsp;\u2013 Gordon Bromley, Brenda Hall, Kurt Rademaker<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2006-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members:<\/strong>&nbsp;Gordon Bromley, Kurt Rademaker, Peter Strand, Ben Gross, Matt Kohler, Claire Todd (Pacific Lutheran University), Matthew Hegland (PLU), Matthew Schmitt (PLU), Brian Donahue (PLU), Kim Martineau (Lamont-Doherty).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by Dan &amp; Betty Churchill and the National Science Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This ongoing investigation, which began in 2006, is utilising the geologic record of glaciation preserved in the southern Peruvian Andes in order to improve our understanding of past climate variability in the tropics. In contrast to higher latitudes, the tropical climate record is virtually unknown and outstanding questions remain, including the precise timing of the last glacial maximum (LGM), the magnitude of LGM cooling in the tropics, and the occurrence of abrupt climate events (such as the Younger Dryas and Antarctic Cold Reversal) during the last glacial termination. Even less is known of how the steep precipitation gradients inherent to the Andes might have influenced the tropical response to these important events.&nbsp;<strong>Why are such questions important?<\/strong>&nbsp;Because the tropics are the primary source of both heat and water vapour for the globe, because they are home to over a third of the world\u2019s population, and because they offer unparalleled insight into the causes and mechanisms of global climate variability.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_0930.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_0930-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_0930\" class=\"wp-image-3730\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>We are exploiting the abundance of moraines preserved at sites in both the humid and arid Peruvian Andes to reconstruct both the timing and magnitude of Late Quaternary climate changes. These landforms record past periods when glaciers were more extensive than today and form the basis for palaeo-snowline reconstruction and glacial chronology, using surface-exposure dating. At Nevado Coropuna, located in the arid Cordillera Occidental, we are employing cosmogenic&nbsp;<sup>3<\/sup>He to date andesitic erratics deposited during and since the LGM. Helium samples are being run at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Meanwhile, at Laguna Aricoma, located in the relatively humid Cordillera Oriental, we are using cosmogenic&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be to date quartzite and granite surfaces in glacial contexts. Beryllium samples are prepared at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. While these chronologies are works in progress, our results already afford valuable insights into patterns of glaciation \u2013 and therefore climate variability \u2013 from the depths of the last ice age to the present interglacial (Bromley&nbsp;<em>et al<\/em>., 2009, 2011a, 2011b). Moreover, we have documented considerable differences in the magnitude of snowline lowering at the LGM between arid and humid sites. A key challenge now is to determine whether this pattern relates to climate or to other factors, such as topography. A further challenge is to determine whether the tropics behave as a single entity or as separate hemispheres, as this has implications for the range of influence of the tropics. Thus, we are expanding our research into the northern Andes of Colombia in conjunction with collaborators at the Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, and Berkeley Geochronology Center.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1587.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1587-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1587\" class=\"wp-image-3734\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>To learn more about this project, and associated archaeologic investigations in Peru, follow this link to a short video prepared in 2013 by Kim Martineau of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ldeo.columbia.edu\/news-events\/climate-peruvian-andes-early-humans-modern-challenges\">http:\/\/www.ldeo.columbia.edu\/news-events\/climate-peruvian-andes-early-humans-modern-challenges<\/a>. Additionally, we maintained a research blog of our 2011 field season that was archived as part of Columbia Earth Institute\u2019s \u201cState of the Planet\u201d series (<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.ei.columbia.edu\/tag\/peru-glaciers\/\">http:\/\/blogs.ei.columbia.edu\/tag\/peru-glaciers\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1244.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2013\/11\/IMG_1244.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1244\" class=\"wp-image-3733\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Publications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bromley, G.R.M., Winckler, G., Schaefer, J.M., Kaplan, M., Licht, K.J., Hall, B.L., 2014. Pyroxene separation by HF leaching and its impact on helium surface-exposure dating.&nbsp;<em>Quaternary Geochronology<\/em>&nbsp;23, 1-8.[<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1871101414000351\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1871101414000351<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Audio presentation with slides:<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/audioslides.elsevier.com\/viewerlarge.aspx?doi=10.1016\/j.quageo.2014.04.003&amp;Source=0&amp;resumeTime=4086.7120181405894&amp;resumeSlideIndex=2\">http:\/\/audioslides.elsevier.com\/viewerlarge.aspx?doi=10.1016\/j.quageo.2014.04.003&amp;Source=0&amp;resumeTime=4086.7120181405894&amp;resumeSlideIndex=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bromley, G.R.M., Hall, B.L., Rademaker, K.M., Todd, C.E., Racoviteanu, A.E., 2011. Late Pleistocene snowline fluctuations at Nevado Coropuna (15?S), southern Peruvian Andes.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Quaternary Science<\/em>&nbsp;26, 305-317. [<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jqs.1455\/abstract\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jqs.1455\/abstract<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bromley, G.R.M., Hall, B.L., Schaefer, J.M., Winckler, G., Todd, C.E., Rademaker, K.M., 2011. Glacier fluctuations in the southern Peruvian Andes during the late-glacial period, constrained with cosmogenic 3He.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Quaternary Science<\/em>&nbsp;26, 37-46. [<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jqs.1424\/abstract\">http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jqs.1424\/abstract<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bromley, G.R.M., Schaefer, J.M., Winckler, G., Hall, B.L., Todd, C.E., Rademaker, K.M., 2009. Relative timing of last glacial maximum and late glacial events in the tropical Andes.&nbsp;<em>Quaternary Science Reviews<\/em>&nbsp;28, 2514-2526. [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277379109001711\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277379109001711<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_eedd81-64 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_eedd81-64 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_eedd81-64 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_eedd81-64{background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(8,46,88) 0%,rgb(65,118,161) 99%);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_eedd81-64 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_eedd81-64 > 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.kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_ad3cf2-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_ad3cf2-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_ad3cf2-d7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_ad3cf2-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_ad3cf2-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_ad3cf2-d7\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_e9ff5f-45 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_7f814b-9d\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_df17fa-8c alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_1058b7-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_1058b7-30\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>History of grounded ice in the Ross embayment since the Last Glacial Maximum using the glacial geology alongside the Hatherton and Darwin glacier system, Antarctica&nbsp;\u2013 Courtney King, Brenda Hall, John Stone, Trevor Hillebrand<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2013-present]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members:&nbsp;<\/strong>Courtney King, Dr. Brenda Hall, Dr. John Stone (University of Washington), and Trevor Hillebrand (UW)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by the National Science Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction:&nbsp;The future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is of great concern because if it completely melted, sea-level would rise greater than 60 m.&nbsp; In particular, the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet is thought to be inherently unstable and susceptible to rapid collapse (Hughes, 1973; Mercer, 1978).&nbsp; In order to better understand the stability of the AIS and its potential for future collapse, we need to gain insight into its past.&nbsp; During the last glacial maximum, the most recent time at which the AIS was at its greatest extent (approximately 20,000 years ago), ice grounded in the Ross embayment.&nbsp; This grounded ice buttressed inflowing outlet glaciers from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, causing them to thicken and flow into currently ice-free valleys of the Transantarctic Mountains (Bockheim et al., 1989; Denton et al., 1989; Hall et al., 2013).&nbsp; Obtaining a chronology using the glacial geology deposited by the formerly thicker ice will provide insight into not only the timing of the last glacial maximum, but an ice-thinning history of the AIS.&nbsp; Along with our collaborators from the University of Washington, Dr. John Stone and Trevor Hillebrand, my advisor, Dr. Brenda Hall, and I spent four weeks collecting rock samples for surface exposure-age dating and algae samples for radiocarbon dating that will produce precise ice-thinning chronologies from alongside Hatherton Glacier, Antarctica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Background:&nbsp;This year\u2019s field expedition is a continuation of last year\u2019s work along Hatherton Glacier (Figure 1).&nbsp; Our goal for this project is to determine the timing of the last glacial maximum (LGM) and subsequent recession for the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS).&nbsp; Limited radiocarbon ages from alongside the Hatherton Darwin glacier system support the hypothesis for grounded ice in the Ross embayment during the LGM (Bockheim et al., 1989).&nbsp; In contrast, two recent publications presented surface exposure-ages from the Lake Wellman area and the region alongside upper Hatherton Glacier, in which authors postulate a much different history for grounded ice in the Ross embayment during the last glacial period (Joy et al., 2014; Storey et al., 2010).&nbsp; In the Lake Wellman area, Storey et al. (2010), suggests there was little-to-no change in glacier extent, and alongside upper Hatherton Glacier, Joy et al. (2014) concludes that due to the lack of surface exposure-age dates covering the LGM period, the ice extent during the last glacial period was likely lower than present.&nbsp; In order to test these hypotheses, we want to construct precise radiocarbon and surface exposure-age chronologies from numerous sites along the longitudinal profile of the Hatherton Darwin glacier system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Field Work:&nbsp;Last year, we visited both the Lake Wellman area and the section of valleys alongside upper Hatherton Glacier, and for this year\u2019s field season we chose a site located between those two, Magnis Valley.&nbsp; In addition, we went to Diamond Hill, located near the mouth of Darwin Glacier, a major outlet glacier that flows through the Transantarctic Mountains from East Antarctica (Figure 1).&nbsp; Dr. Hall and I collected fossil algae samples along transects perpendicular to the present ice margin that will be radiocarbon dated.&nbsp; Meanwhile, Dr. Stone and graduate student, Trevor Hillebrand, collected rock samples for surface exposure-age dating.&nbsp; Both dating methods will allow us to reconstruct a longitudinal profile of ice extent during the LGM, and track the subsequent ice recession.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4670\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure11.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure11.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1: The Hatherton Darwin outlet glacier system is located just north of Byrd Glacier, the largest outlet glacier that drains into the Ross embayment. During the LGM, the two systems likely behaved coevally and therefore by studying the Hatherton Darwin glacier system, we can indirectly study the largest outlet glacier flowing from East Antarctica into the Ross Sea. Boxed above in red are the two sites we visited this year: (1) Diamond Hill and (2) Magnis Valley. The two regions boxed in blue indicate last year\u2019s field sites: (1) Lake Wellman and (2) (upper Hatherton Glacier) Dubris Valley, Danum Platform and Bibra Valley. In general, East Antarctica is located to the left of this image. Red arrows indicate the glaciers\u2019 flow direction.\" class=\"wp-image-4670\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong>&nbsp;The Hatherton Darwin outlet glacier system is located just north of Byrd Glacier, the largest outlet glacier that drains into the Ross embayment. During the LGM, the two systems likely behaved coevally and therefore by studying the Hatherton Darwin glacier system, we can indirectly study the largest outlet glacier flowing from East Antarctica into the Ross Sea. Boxed above in red are the two sites we visited this year: (1) Diamond Hill and (2) Magnis Valley. The two regions boxed in blue indicate last year\u2019s field sites: (1) Lake Wellman and (2) (upper Hatherton Glacier) Dubris Valley, Danum Platform and Bibra Valley. In general, East Antarctica is located to the left of this image. Red arrows indicate the glaciers\u2019 flow direction.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4671\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2: After the helicopter crew dropped off Dr. Stone, Trevor, Dr. Hall, and myself at our first field site (Diamond Hill), they flew back to the fuel cache where a twin otter brought the remainder of our gear. The gear was then tied into a sling load, pictured above, with the tents on the top and our food, cook-kit, and field supplies on the bottom. \" class=\"wp-image-4671\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 2:<\/strong>&nbsp;After the helicopter crew dropped off Dr. Stone, Trevor, Dr. Hall, and myself at our first field site (Diamond Hill), they flew back to the fuel cache where a twin otter brought the remainder of our gear. The gear was then tied into a sling load, pictured above, with the tents on the top and our food, cook-kit, and field supplies on the bottom.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4672\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure3.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure3.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3: A view inside our cook tent; the University of Washington\u2019s graduate student, Trevor, is on the left, and Dr. John Stone is on the right. In case you were wondering \u2013 no, we did not have WiFi at our field sites! Dr. Stone is transferring photos from his camera onto the computer. \" class=\"wp-image-4672\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 3:<\/strong>&nbsp;A view inside our cook tent; the University of Washington\u2019s graduate student, Trevor, is on the left, and Dr. John Stone is on the right. In case you were wondering \u2013 no, we did not have WiFi at our field sites! Dr. Stone is transferring photos from his camera onto the computer.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4673\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure41.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure41.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4: Our campsite at Diamond Hill had a great view of Diamond Glacier (seen in the background). We spent two weeks at this site before moving to Magnis Valley for the remainder of our season.\" class=\"wp-image-4673\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 4:<\/strong>&nbsp;Our campsite at Diamond Hill had a great view of Diamond Glacier (seen in the background). We spent two weeks at this site before moving to Magnis Valley for the remainder of our season.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4674\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure5.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure5.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 5: Fossil algae sample collected at the Diamond Hill site\" class=\"wp-image-4674\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 5:<\/strong>&nbsp;Fossil algae sample collected at the Diamond Hill site<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4676\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure6.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure6.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6: At Diamond Hill, Dr. Brenda Hall is jotting notes about the fossil algae sample collected which includes information such as coordinates, depth beneath surface, grain size of sediment found in, and quality of the sample. \" class=\"wp-image-4676\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 6:<\/strong>&nbsp;At Diamond Hill, Dr. Brenda Hall is jotting notes about the fossil algae sample collected which includes information such as coordinates, depth beneath surface, grain size of sediment found in, and quality of the sample.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4677\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure7.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure7.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 7: For more precise measurements, we brought a Trimble GPS unit, provided by UNAVCO, into the field to collect coordinates of our fossil algae samples, such as the deltaic deposit pictured above. \" class=\"wp-image-4677\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 7:<\/strong>&nbsp;For more precise measurements, we brought a Trimble GPS unit, provided by UNAVCO, into the field to collect coordinates of our fossil algae samples, such as the deltaic deposit pictured above.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4678\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure8.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure8.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 8: In Magnis Valley, in addition to fossil algae samples, we also collected modern algae and a water sample from three ponds, such as the one pictured here. The carbon content of the water samples will also be measured in order to determine if the radiocarbon ages of the fossil algae samples require a correction. \" class=\"wp-image-4678\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 8:<\/strong>&nbsp;In Magnis Valley, in addition to fossil algae samples, we also collected modern algae and a water sample from three ponds, such as the one pictured here. The carbon content of the water samples will also be measured in order to determine if the radiocarbon ages of the fossil algae samples require a correction.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4679\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure9.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/04\/Figure9.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 9: Dr. John Stone and graduate student, Trevor Hillebrand, hiking a ridge in search of a drift limit to collect rock samples from for cosmogenic nuclide dating. \" class=\"wp-image-4679\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 9:<\/strong>&nbsp;Dr. John Stone and graduate student, Trevor Hillebrand, hiking a ridge in search of a drift limit to collect rock samples from for cosmogenic nuclide dating.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Continuing work (mapping and dating):&nbsp;I began working on surficial geomorphic maps of the two field sites we visited last year, and this year I will also digitize the field maps of Magnis Valley and Diamond Hill using ArcGIS software.&nbsp; The geomorphic maps will help us develop a longitudinal profile of the Hatherton Darwin glacier system ice extent for the LGM and subsequent recession.&nbsp;&nbsp; We have also previously sent and, from this year\u2019s collection, will send more fossil algae samples to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute for radiocarbon dating.&nbsp; Our collaborators from the University of Washington, Dr. John Stone and Trevor Hillebrand, collected rock samples (predominately sandstone) for cosmogenic surface exposure-age dating using 10-Beryillium (\u00ad<sup>10<\/sup>Be).&nbsp; This is a popular method used to date glacial erratics because it involves counting the number of atoms of&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be, an isotope of the element Beryllium, which is produced when cosmogenic rays react with quartz (SiO\u2082) molecules on the rock\u2019s surface.&nbsp; As erratics are transported in the ice, erosion removes the outer layer of the rocks, essentially eliminating the accumulated&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be and resetting the clock that measures how long it\u2019s been exposed to cosmic rays.&nbsp; The clock begins once the erratics are deposited by the glacial ice and exposed to cosmic rays because they begin accumulating the&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be isotope.&nbsp; After the rocks samples undergo chemical analyses for the&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be at the University of Washington\u2019s Cosmogenic Nuclide Laboratory, they will then be sent to Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory where the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry process is used to count the number of Beryllium isotopes for each sample, which in turn, allows us to calculate an age for the samples.&nbsp; Radiocarbon and surface exposure-age dating techniques are tools that will allow us to assign ages to the drift deposits we mapped in the field, leading us to hypothesize the history and stability of the AIS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bockheim, J.G., Wilson, S.C., Denton, G.H., Andersen, B.G., Stuiver, M., 1989. Late Quaternary ice-surface fluctuations of Hatherton Glacier, Transantarctic Mountains. Quat. Res. 31, 229\u2013254. doi:10.1016\/0033-5894(89)90007-0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Denton, G.H., Bockheim, J.G., Wilson, S.C., Stuiver, M., 1989. Late Wisconsin and early Holocene glacial history, inner Ross embayment, Antarctica. Quat. Res. 182, 151\u2013182.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hall, B.L., Denton, G.H., Stone, J.O., Conway, H., 2013. History of the grounded ice sheet in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica during the Last Glacial Maximum and the last termination. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 381, 167\u2013181. doi:10.1144\/SP381.5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hughes, T., 1973. An unstable tetrahedral mantle-convection model, continental drift, and polar ice sheets. Tectonophysics 17, 73\u201388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Joy, K., Fink, D., Storey, B., Atkins, C., 2014. A 2 million year glacial chronology of the Hatherton Glacier, Antarctica and implications for the size of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet at the last glacial maximum. Quat. Sci. Rev. 83, 46\u201357. doi:10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.10.028<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Storey, B.C., Fink, D., Hood, D., Joy, K., Shulmeister, J., Riger-Kusk, M., Stevens, M.I., 2010. Cosmogenic nuclide exposure age constraints on the glacial history of the Lake Wellman area, Darwin Mountains, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 22, 603\u2013618. doi:10.1017\/S0954102010000799<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90{background-color:#e5f0f9;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_6431a3-90 alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsLightBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_c1a310-5e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_50c973-1d alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_ba4295-fd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_948f8a-18 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_0dc99e-11\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>A&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be chronology of the former Pukaki Glacier, New Zealand: Uncovering the structure of the Last Termination.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field Team Members<\/strong>: Courtney King,&nbsp;Colin Dowey, Dr. George Denton, Dr. Aaron Putnam (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory),&nbsp;and David Barrell (GNS Science, New Zealand)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by the National Science Foundation, Comer Science and Education Foundation, and the Quesada Family Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Background:&nbsp;The termination of the last ice age is the largest abrupt climate change of the last 100,000 years, and yet its origin remains enigmatic.&nbsp; Recent work has led to the hypothesis that terminations are characterized by massive outbursts of icebergs and freshwater in the North Atlantic that lead to reduced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and spread of sea ice (Broecker and Denton, 1990).&nbsp; This northern hemisphere cooling is thought to cause southward shift of the major atmospheric and oceanic fronts, leading to warming in the mid-to-high latitudes of the southern hemisphere (SH) (Denton et al., 2010).&nbsp; Testing this hypothesis and other proposed drivers of ice-age terminations requires detailed and well-dated paleoclimate records through the end of the last ice age.&nbsp; When coupled with glaciological modelling, glacier records yield precise information on changing climate conditions at the periphery of the Southern Ocean during the last termination. &nbsp;For the New Zealand study, we will use glacial geologic mapping and&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be surface exposure-age dating (SED) to produce a detailed chronology of the onset of the last termination as recorded by the former Pukaki Glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With this climate record, we can compare the character of the last termination in New Zealand to the latest Antarctic temperature record from the WAIS-Divide Ice Core, in order to assess the temperature change variance over time at both the northern and southern margins of the Southern Ocean.&nbsp; We will use this comparison to assess the reaction of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to the warming of the last termination (this work is explained in my other two field reports on Hatherton and Darwin Glaciers, Antarctica).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Field work: In January, we traveled from Christchurch to Twizel, a town southwest of Lake Pukaki.&nbsp; From our base in Twizel, we spent a month in the region west of Lake Pukaki mapping the glacial landforms deposited by the former Pukaki Glacier.&nbsp; The mapping provides context for the rock samples we collected for surface exposure-age dating.&nbsp; This region of the Southern Alps has the best-preserved moraine topography on the South Island of New Zealand (Figure 1).&nbsp; The area is familiar to UMaine researchers \u2013 many previous graduate students from UMaine have also performed fieldwork along the margins of Lake Pukaki studying various stages of the ice-age cycles.&nbsp; For this field season, we spent a month in the field collecting rock samples along the right lateral moraines deposited by the former Pukaki Glacier (Figures 2 and 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4695\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/NZ-report-Fig1.jpg\" alt=\"NZ report Fig1\" class=\"wp-image-4695\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: New Zealand is located in the South Pacific Ocean. Our field area, located along the margin of the Southern Alps, is boxed in red in (a) and enlarged in (b). This year\u2019s sample collection sites are outlined in orange (b).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4692\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_7016.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_7016-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_7016\" class=\"wp-image-4692\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Master\u2019s student Colin Dowey sampling a boulder for SED alongside Lake Pukaki.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4693\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_6977.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_6977-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6977\" class=\"wp-image-4693\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3: At Boundary Stream, the site farther north, the moraine topography is well preserved. This view is looking southeast over the right lateral moraines with Lake Pukaki in the background. Our work augments a prior surface-exposure dating study (Putnam et al., 2010b) and a lake core study (Vandergoes et al., 2008).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4696\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/NZ-report-Fig4.jpg\" alt=\"NZ report Fig4\" class=\"wp-image-4696\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4: This vantage is directly above the sampled boulder from the Boundary Stream Tarn (BST) region along the right lateral moraines deposited by the former expanded Pukaki Glacier. On the sample bags, we write the sample name, a brief description, the GPS coordinates and elevation. We also like to include the date and the field members present during the collection. The sampled portion of the erratic is outlined in orange.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4694\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_7544.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_7544-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_7544\" class=\"wp-image-4694\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 5: A photograph of the debris-covered Tasman Glacier tongue in February, 2015. This glacier would have coalesced with the Hooker and Mueller Glaciers during the last glacial period to form the robust Pukaki Glacier.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Laboratory work:&nbsp;The rock samples collected for the SED method were sent to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) where they undergo chemical analysis.&nbsp; Surface exposure-age dating is a popular method used to date glacial erratics because it involves counting the number of atoms of&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be, an isotope of the element Beryllium, which is produced when cosmogenic rays react with quartz (SiO\u2082) molecules in the rock.&nbsp; As the glacier transports the boulders, erosion removes the outer layer of the rocks, essentially eliminating the accumulated&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be and resetting the clock that measures how long it\u2019s been exposed to the cosmic rays.&nbsp; The clock begins once the erratics are deposited by the glacial ice because they begin accumulating the&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be isotope.&nbsp; Chemically processing a sample-set takes several months.&nbsp; Once the&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be is isolated, the samples are analyzed at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4698\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/NZ-report-Fig6.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/NZ-report-Fig6.jpg\" alt=\"NZ report Fig6\" class=\"wp-image-4698\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 6: Before we crush and pulverize a sample, we must describe it. The description includes a picture and thickness measurements in a grid-like pattern as pictured above. The average thickness, an important measurement for helping us determine an accurate age, is calculated for each sample.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4697\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/05\/IMG_8223-e1432836502101-1024x756.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8223\" class=\"wp-image-4697\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 7: After the crushing and pulverizing step, we then boil the sample using a hot plate in a laboratory at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Once we obtain clean quartz from this part of the process, we can continue onto the Beryllium-chemistry.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Future work:&nbsp;In addition to the rock sample analyses, we will digitize the field maps using ArcGIS software to add to the compilation of geomorphologic maps produced for this region (eg. Barrell et al., 2013; Doughty et al., 2015, 2013; Kaplan et al., 2013; Putnam et al., 2012, 2010a, 2010b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barrell, D.J.A., Anderson, B.G., Denton, G.H., 2011. Glacial Geomorphology of the central South Island, New Zealand. GNS Science Monograph 27. Lower Hutt, GNS Science. 1 map (5 sheets) + 81p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Broecker, W.S., Denton, G.H., 1990. The Role of Ocean-Atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Quat. Sci. Rev. 9, 305\u2013341.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Denton, G.H., Anderson, R.F., Toggweiler, J.R., Edwards, R.L., Schaefer, J.M., Putnam, a E., 2010. The last glacial termination. Science 328, 1652\u20131656. doi:10.1126\/science.1184119<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doughty, A.M., Anderson, B.M., Mackintosh, A.N., Kaplan, M.R., Vandergoes, M.J., Barrell, D.J. a., Denton, G.H., Schaefer, J.M., Chinn, T.J.H., Putnam, A.E., 2013. Evaluation of Lateglacial temperatures in the Southern Alps of New Zealand based on glacier modelling at Irishman Stream, Ben Ohau Range. Quat. Sci. Rev. 74, 160\u2013169. doi:10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.09.013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doughty, A.M., Schaefer, J.M., Putnam, A.E., Denton, G.H., Kaplan, M.R., Barrell, D.J.A., Andersen, B.G., Kelley, S.E., Finkel, R.C., Schwartz, R., 2015. Mismatch of glacier extent and summer insolation in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Geology 43, 407\u2013410. doi:10.1130\/G36477.1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaplan, M.R., Schaefer, J.M., Denton, G.H., Doughty, A.M., Barrell, D.J.A., Chinn, T.J.H., Putnam, A.E., Andersen, B.G., Mackintosh, A., Finkel, R.C., Schwartz, R., Anderson, B., 2013. The anatomy of long-term warming since 15 ka in New Zealand based on net glacier snowline rise. Geology 41, 887\u2013890. doi:10.1130\/G34288.1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Putnam, A.E., Denton, G.H., Schaefer, J.M., Barrell, D.J. a., Andersen, B.G., Finkel, R.C., Schwartz, R., Doughty, A.M., Kaplan, M.R., Schl\u00fcchter, C., 2010a. Glacier advance in southern middle-latitudes during the Antarctic Cold Reversal. Nat. Geosci. 3, 700\u2013704. doi:10.1038\/ngeo962<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Putnam, A.E., Schaefer, J.M., Barrell, D.J.A., Vandergoes, M., Denton, G.H., Kaplan, M.R., Finkel, R.C., Schwartz, R., Goehring, B.M.M., Kelley, S.E., 2010b. In situ cosmogenic 10Be production-rate calibration from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Quat. Geochronol. 5, 392\u2013409. doi:10.1016\/j.quageo.2009.12.001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Putnam, A.E., Schaefer, J.M., Denton, G.H., Barrell, D.J. a., Finkel, R.C., Andersen, B.G., Schwartz, R., Chinn, T.J.H., Doughty, A.M., 2012. Regional climate control of glaciers in New Zealand and Europe during the pre-industrial Holocene. Nat. Geosci. 5, 627\u2013630. doi:10.1038\/ngeo1548<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vandergoes, M.J., Dieffenbacher-Krall, A.C., Newnham, R.M., Denton, G.H., Blaauw, M., 2008. Cooling and changing seasonality in the Southern Alps, New Zealand during the Antarctic Cold Reversal. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 589\u2013601. doi:10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.11.015<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66{background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(8,46,88) 0%,rgb(65,118,161) 99%);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_15f9fe-66 alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsDarkBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_e92570-94{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_e92570-94 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_e92570-94\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_db42a2-b6 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_b86f83-78 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_b86f83-78\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_cc9688-c5 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_36fb5d-23\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Putting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in context<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;\u2013 Dr. George Denton and Dr. Brenda Hall<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding provided by the National Science Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4971\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Kalv-Gl-Bahia-Pia-Cordillera-Darwin-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4971\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Kalv Glacier, Bah\u00eda P\u00eda, Cordillera Darwin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In April, 2012 and 2013, a University of Maine team carried out field work in Cordillera Darwin on&nbsp;<em>Ocean Tramp<\/em>, captained by Charles Porter.&nbsp; The purpose of the research was to determine the timing of ice retreat from its maximum extent at the Last Ice Age near Bah\u00eda In\u00fatil back into the heart of Cordillera Darwin. The overarching question concerned the timing of events during the termination of the last ice age in the Southern Hemisphere and how this relates to mechanisms that cause climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The field team consisted of a number of senior personnel, as well as students, and was divided into two components \u2013 a coring group and an exposure-age group.&nbsp; The coring team took samples at the base of bogs to determine the time at which the sites became ice free.&nbsp; The exposure-age group collected samples from rock surfaces for&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be exposure-age dating, again to determine when sites became free of ice. These complementary methods allow reconstruction of the timing and pace of ice retreat following the last glaciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4972\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Map-of-Cordillera-Darwin.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Map-of-Cordillera-Darwin-1024x672.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4972\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: Map of Cordillera Darwin, showing field sites in red.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We cored bogs at several sites adjacent to Bah\u00edas Ainsworth (Marinelli fjord), Brooks, and Filton on the north side of the range and at Bah\u00eda P\u00eda, Caleta Olla, and Ventisquero Holanda on the south . Cores ranged to as much as 11 m in thickness and most penetrated the interglacial sediments to glacial blue clay. &nbsp;Initial dates suggest that the &nbsp;fjords were deglaciated by at least 17,000 years BP (Hall et al., 2013) and that ice was within a kilometer of the present-day glaciers before late-glacial time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All of the results obtained so far are consistent with rapid deglaciation of the Straits of Magellan and Cordillera Darwin at the end of the last ice age.&nbsp; Comparison of our results and published ages from the maximum ice-sheet extent suggest retreat of more than 100 km in less than 1000 years at the start of the Southern Hemisphere termination.&nbsp; These results are consistent with rapid warming and most likely indicate abrupt southward shift of oceanic fronts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4969\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Coring-a-bo-in-Marinelli-Fjord.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Coring-a-bo-in-Marinelli-Fjord-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4969\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Coring a bog in Marinelli Fjord.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"4970\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Glaciolacustrine-clay-at-the-base-of-a-bog-in-Marinelli-fjord.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2015\/09\/Glaciolacustrine-clay-at-the-base-of-a-bog-in-Marinelli-fjord-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4970\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Glaciolacustrine clay at the base of a bog in Marinelli Fjord.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_4fe43a-03 > 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767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_0c8fa8-4d > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_0c8fa8-4d alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_044959-d7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_044959-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_044959-d7\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_67a5e0-c4 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_cf02a2-dd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>A Beryllium-10 Chronology of the Last Glacial Termination in the Mongolian Altai<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 Peter Strand, Dr. Aaron Putnam<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Field team members<\/strong>: Peter Strand (University of Maine), Dr. Aaron Putnam (University of Maine and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory),&nbsp;Dr. David Putnam and Caleb Ward (University of Maine Presque Isle),&nbsp;Sarah Kramer (Medill School of Journalism),&nbsp;Pagamsuren Amarsaikhan and&nbsp;Tsetsenbileg Bavuu (Mongolian University of Science and Technology),&nbsp;Tanzhuo Liu (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory), and&nbsp;Hayley Walcott (University of Saint Andrews)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding support: Comer Science and Education Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mongolian Altai, Mongolia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>June 15 \u2013 July 25, 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5269\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia4.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia4-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Base camp in the Mongolian Altai \" class=\"wp-image-5269\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Base camp in the Mongolian Altai<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Research Motivation: &nbsp;The primary purpose of our expedition to Mongolia is to develop a&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be surface-exposure chronology of glacial landforms corresponding to the end of the last ice age in the Mongolian Altai, at the heart of the Asian continent. Our fieldwork focused on the mapping and sample collection of moraines and&nbsp;glacial geomorphologic features around Khoton Nuur. Khoton Lake lies at the foot of the Altai Mountains near the Chinese border, at an elevation of about 2,000 meters (6,600&nbsp;ft) above sea level. The collected samples will be processed at the University of Maine, and we will create a chronology documenting the reduction of glacier volume since the peak of the last ice age. The Altai Mountains lie at ~48\u00b0N latitude, and will therefore add a northern complement to our efforts undertaken in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, e.g., New Zealand and Patagonia. The results will provide a test of recent hypotheses for glacial terminations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5272\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia7.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia7-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Young Khazak children help Dave Putnam set up his tent\" class=\"wp-image-5272\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Young Khazak children help Dave Putnam set up his tent<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The last glacial termination represents the last great global warming and the last time CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;rose by a substantial amount before the industrial period. And yet the role of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;in causing the last great global warming is not certain. A solution to this problem could help us to hone our understanding of the sensitivity of atmospheric temperature to CO<sub>2<\/sub>, as well as to inform our understanding of the processes that launch the earth out of an ice age. This research will also allow us to evaluate the relative roles of atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub>, insolation forcing, and tropical Pacific sea-surface temperatures in driving Northern Hemisphere warming to completion during the last deglaciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5266\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia1-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"Sunset in the Mongolian Altai\" class=\"wp-image-5266\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Peter StrandSunset in the Mongolian Altai<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Field Work: &nbsp;We began our field season by camping up-valley of Hoton Nuur, near the Tungalag Gol (Crystal River). This campsite provided a centralized location for all field activities. We were able to rent a Kazakh ger from a local family, which served as our cooking and dining tent. Our wonderful camp cook, Chackie, did all the cooking along with her assistant Tomoroo. Chackie\u2019s warm meals are a great treat after a long day of fieldwork. Aaron, Caleb, Sarah, Pagma, Tsetsee, Tomoroo and Peter were able to travel with local horses farther up the valley to the edge of the modern glacier. This trip was difficult, nevertheless, the team toughed it out and collected a suite of samples high up (~9,800 feet) in a glacial cirque valley. These samples will allow us to determine when the glacier\u2019s snowline rose to pre-industrial values. We then moved down valley to the shores of Hoton Nuur. Our camp was situated between two large, glacially molded bedrock knobs, which provided the backdrop to many beautiful sunsets and sunrises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5273\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia8.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia8-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Crossing the White River in western Mongolia\" class=\"wp-image-5273\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Crossing the White River in western Mongolia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5270\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia5.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia5-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Mongolian herders help Aaron Putnam pack horses\" class=\"wp-image-5270\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mongolian herders help Aaron Putnam pack horses<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We mapped and sampled large erratic boulders that pepper the landscape and provide perfect targets for our sampling efforts. Once processed in the laboratory at the University of Maine, the deposition dates from these boulders will document when the Hoton Nuur glacier receded from the valley at the end of the last Ice Age. These data will further our understanding of the processes that launched the earth out of an ice age, and may even help to determine the sensitivity of atmospheric temperature to CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;change. Caleb became a master of the ancient wedge-and-shim rock splitting technique used for rock sampling. Pagma and Tsetsee learned our sampling method in a heartbeat and became indispensable members. Even Tomoroo has learned the sampling ropes. The sampling effort continued at Hoton Nuur, where we are focusing on mapping and dating large moraine ridges that impound the lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5271\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia6.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia6-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A target boulder for surface-exposure age dating\" class=\"wp-image-5271\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A target boulder for surface-exposure age dating<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5267\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia2-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"Caleb Ward, Tsetse, and Pagma sampling a granite boulder\" class=\"wp-image-5267\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Caleb Ward, Tsetse, and Pagma sampling a granite boulder<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5268\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia3.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia3-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Strand taking field notes\" class=\"wp-image-5268\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Peter Strand taking field notes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanzhuo Liu (\u201cTL\u201d), is an expert in the study of rock varnish. TL will use desert varnish to document periods of changing aridity since the last Ice Age. Richard Kortum, an archeologist and art historian from East Tennessee State University, paid our camp a visit and described for us the most important pieces of rock art in the valley. Richard and TL have been working together with the hopes of dating more precisely the rock art peckings of Iron Age, Bronze Age, Neolithic, and possibly even paleolithic peoples in Mongolia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5274\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia9.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia9-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"A Moraine ridge in the high peaks of the Altai\" class=\"wp-image-5274\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A Moraine ridge in the high peaks of the Altai<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Thank you: &nbsp;We would like to thank everyone at&nbsp;<strong>Huvsgol Travel<\/strong>&nbsp;for their help with logistics and permits, without which the trip would not have been possible. Thanks also to our wonderful Mongolian guides,&nbsp;<strong>Boldoo, Baagee<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>Suure,<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Chackie,&nbsp;<\/strong>and&nbsp;<strong>Tomoroo<\/strong>&nbsp;for helping with every aspect of the trip throughout the entire expedition. Thanks to Professor&nbsp;<strong>Oyungerel Sambuu<\/strong>&nbsp;and M.U.S.T. for helping with permits and shipping. Thank you to&nbsp;<em>University of Maine, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>University of Maine Presque Isle, and Medill School of Journalism<\/em>&nbsp;for their support. Thank you to the&nbsp;<strong>Comer Science and Education Foundation<\/strong>&nbsp;for their generous financial support. Thank you to all Mongolian and Kazakhs individuals and families who helped us throughout the trip and showed us tremendous hospitality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"5275\"><a href=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia10.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2016\/04\/Mongolia10-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Our field team. Thanks to all involved!\" class=\"wp-image-5275\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Our field team. Thanks to all involved!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86{background-image:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(8,46,88) 0%,rgb(65,118,161) 99%);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-right:50px;padding-left:50px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:50px;padding-right:25px;padding-bottom:50px;padding-left:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_f996c7-86 alignfull kt-row-has-bg um-UMBlueHorizonsDarkBlueTextBox wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_21f19a-0a\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:60px;padding-right:170px;padding-bottom:85px;padding-left:170px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:35px;padding-right:35px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:35px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_54924b-47 alignnone has-white-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_b15653-89{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_b15653-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_b15653-89\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb{margin-top:-5px;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id12391_22bcae-eb alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column12391_3bb725-c1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Glacial record of the last termination event, Potanin Glacier Valley, Altai Mountains, Mongolia<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 Mariah&nbsp;Radue, Nathaniel Norris, Dr. Aaron Putnam<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Field team members<\/strong>: Mariah Radue (University of Maine), Nathaniel Norris (University of Maine at Presque Isle), Peter Strand (University of Maine), Dr. Aaron Putnam (University of Maine), Destiny Washington (Gary Comer College Prep), Jessica Stevens (Gary Comer College Prep), Ninjin Tsolmon (Mongolian University of Science and Technology), Purev-Ochir Purevdorj (Mongolian University of Science and Technology), Scott Travis (Comer Family Foundation), Kevin Stark (Medill School of Journalism)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Funding support: National Science Foundation and Comer Family Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mongolian Altai, Mongolia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>June 28-August 6, 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"7396\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2011\/04\/Field-team-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Field team members in front of a glacier. Photo credit: Kevin Stark\" class=\"wp-image-7396\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Field team members in front of Potanin&nbsp;Glacier. Photo credit: Kevin Stark<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Research motivation: A chronology for the Potanin Glacier Valley in the Mongolian Altai will contribute to our understanding of climate in the interior of Asia during the Last Glacial Termination. The Potanin Glacier Valley is located approximately 45 km north of Khoton Lake, a region studied by Peter Strand and Dr. Aaron Putnam. We will create a&nbsp;<sup>10<\/sup>Be surface-exposure chronology of glacial landforms along with surficial&nbsp;geomorphic maps to record the glacial history of the area. Our findings will help define the timing of deglaciation in the center of Earth\u2019s largest continent and understand its relationship with increased CO<sub>2<\/sub>, radiative forcing, and tropical sea surface temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"7397\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2011\/04\/GPS-measurement-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"American and Mongolian students working together sampling a glacial erratic for surface exposure dating. Photo credit: Kevin Stark.\" class=\"wp-image-7397\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">American and Mongolian students working together sampling a glacial erratic for surface exposure dating. Photo credit: Kevin Stark.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Field work: Our work in the Potanin Glacier Valley took place in three main locations \u2013 the Last Glacial Maximum moraine complex,&nbsp;Holy Mountain, a molded bedrock hill in the center of the valley, and Little Ice Age moraines. Mariah Radue (University of Maine) will use the former ice extents during the Late Pleistocene to track the rate of deglaciation. &nbsp;Nathaniel Norris (University of Maine at Presque Isle) will use ages obtained from Holy Mountain the create a history of ice thinning during deglaciation. Destiny Washington (Gary Comer College Prep) conducted geomorphic mapping of terminal moraines to quantify glacier lengths throughout time.&nbsp; In addition to surface exposure sampling, we employed a DJI Phantom 4 drone to take aerial photographs and create digital elevation models and orthomosaics. Students from the Mongolian University of Science and Technology (MUST) collected rock samples for petrological analysis to better understand the bedrock geology of the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\" id=\"7398\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/230\/2011\/04\/Moraine-survey-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Destiny Washington and Jessica Stevens mapping with the help of \u201cSimba\u201d the camp dog. Photo credit: Mariah Radue\" class=\"wp-image-7398\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Destiny Washington and Jessica Stevens mapping with the help of \u201cSimba\u201d the camp dog. Photo credit: Mariah Radue<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Thank you: We are grateful to&nbsp;<strong>Huvsgol Travel<\/strong>&nbsp;for their continuing help in logistics and permitting. Many thanks to&nbsp;<strong>Oyungerel Sambuu&nbsp;<\/strong>of MUST for helping with shipping and permitting as well as facilitating a connection between Mongolian and American students through field work. The&nbsp;<strong>Comer Family Foundation<\/strong>&nbsp;provided funding for Destiny Washington and her teacher Jessica Stevens of Gary Comer College Prep. This research was funded by the&nbsp;<strong>National Science Foundation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Salmon Valley, Antarctica&nbsp;\u2013 Margaret Jackson, Brenda Hall [2011-present] During the Last Glacial Maximum, a grounded ice sheet filled the Ross Sea. &nbsp;This ice was thick enough to flow onto the Victoria Land coast and intrude into the valleys of the Royal Society Range. &nbsp;While we know quite a bit about the extent of this ice [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":395,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12391","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"taxonomy_info":[],"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"mistyjohnson","author_link":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/author\/mistyjohnson\/"},"comment_info":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/395"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12391"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12421,"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12391\/revisions\/12421"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/umaine.edu\/earthclimate\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}